Highly sensitive voltammetric determination of the fungicide fenhexamid using a cost-effective and disposable pencil graphite electrode

Abstract

A differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) method is proposed for the highly sensitive determination of fenhexamid (FHX) based on both electrooxidation and electroreduction processes using a disposable and cost-effective pencil graphite electrode (PGE). The electrochemical oxidation and reduction mechanisms of FHX at the PGE were elucidated by recording cyclic voltammograms at various pH values of Britton–Robinson buffer (BRB) solutions at a scan rate of 50 mV s⁻¹ and different scan rate values in the range 10–400 mV s⁻¹ at selected pH of BRB (pH 2.0). Differential pulse voltammograms recorded under optimized conditions revealed an oxidation peak of FHX around + 0.65 V and a reduction peak of FHX around + 0.45 V. The DPV analysis of FHX revealed two linear ranges: 0.001–0.01 µmol L⁻¹ and 0.01–5.0 µmol L⁻¹ for the anodic peak, and 0.001–0.1 µmol L⁻¹ and 0.1–5.0 µmol L⁻¹ for the cathodic peak. The limits of detection were 0.34 nmol L⁻¹ and 0.32 nmol L⁻¹ for the anodic and cathodic peaks, respectively. The proposed methodology demonstrated satisfactory selectivity, as selected pesticides, certain electroactive compounds, and cationic species tested did not interfere with the voltammetric determination of FHX, particularly during its reduction. The recovery results, showing values close to 100% obtained from the analysis of real samples spiked with FHX, indicated that this methodology can accurately determine FHX in water and soil samples.

Graphical abstract