{"title":"Multilateral funding for health adaptation and the health co-benefits of climate mitigation: An observational study","authors":"Ana-Catarina Pinho-Gomes , Louis Jamart","doi":"10.1016/j.envint.2024.109172","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The health impacts of climate change have been increasingly recognised for the past years. However, it remains unclear how this has translated into funding for health adaptation and health co-benefits of climate mitigation.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We analysed the projects funded by the Green Climate Fund (GCF) between 2021 and 2023 and the Adaptation Fund between 2019 and 2024 to estimate the amount of funding provided for health adaptation and the health co-benefits of climate mitigation. Based on the Notre Dame Global Adaptation Index (ND-GAIN), we estimated adaptation vulnerability and readiness for each country and investigated the association between this index and the total adaptation funding received by each country.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>Between 2021 and 2023, 85 projects were funded by the GCF, of which 37 were adaptation, 32 cross-cutting, and 16 mitigation projects. The funds provided by the GCF contributed US$764 million to health adaptation (US$178 million in 2021 to US$422 million in 2023). There was no association between the amount of funding provided by the GCF towards adaptation and the estimated vulnerability, resilience, and combined adaptation index (ND-GAIN) at country level. Among the 48 mitigation and cross-cutting projects, 15 did not mention health, 13 mislabelled health co-benefits, 11 identified specific health co-benefits, and 9 correctly identified and measured health co-benefits as outcomes. The main health co-benefits were reduction in the health impact of air pollution, improved nutrition, and reduction in traffic casualties. There were 15 active projects on the Adaptation Fund website, amounting to a total of US$51,944,915. Seven of the projects mentioned health benefits but only one explicitly measured health adaptation indicators as outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Interpretation</h3><div>Funding for health adaptation and health co-benefits of mitigation provided by the two main multilateral adaptation funds has been increasing over the recent years. However, it remains insufficient and does not seem to be targeting the countries facing the greatest impacts of climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":308,"journal":{"name":"Environment International","volume":"194 ","pages":"Article 109172"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7000,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Environment International","FirstCategoryId":"93","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016041202400758X","RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2024/12/2 0:00:00","PubModel":"Epub","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Background
The health impacts of climate change have been increasingly recognised for the past years. However, it remains unclear how this has translated into funding for health adaptation and health co-benefits of climate mitigation.
Methods
We analysed the projects funded by the Green Climate Fund (GCF) between 2021 and 2023 and the Adaptation Fund between 2019 and 2024 to estimate the amount of funding provided for health adaptation and the health co-benefits of climate mitigation. Based on the Notre Dame Global Adaptation Index (ND-GAIN), we estimated adaptation vulnerability and readiness for each country and investigated the association between this index and the total adaptation funding received by each country.
Findings
Between 2021 and 2023, 85 projects were funded by the GCF, of which 37 were adaptation, 32 cross-cutting, and 16 mitigation projects. The funds provided by the GCF contributed US$764 million to health adaptation (US$178 million in 2021 to US$422 million in 2023). There was no association between the amount of funding provided by the GCF towards adaptation and the estimated vulnerability, resilience, and combined adaptation index (ND-GAIN) at country level. Among the 48 mitigation and cross-cutting projects, 15 did not mention health, 13 mislabelled health co-benefits, 11 identified specific health co-benefits, and 9 correctly identified and measured health co-benefits as outcomes. The main health co-benefits were reduction in the health impact of air pollution, improved nutrition, and reduction in traffic casualties. There were 15 active projects on the Adaptation Fund website, amounting to a total of US$51,944,915. Seven of the projects mentioned health benefits but only one explicitly measured health adaptation indicators as outcomes.
Interpretation
Funding for health adaptation and health co-benefits of mitigation provided by the two main multilateral adaptation funds has been increasing over the recent years. However, it remains insufficient and does not seem to be targeting the countries facing the greatest impacts of climate change.
期刊介绍：
Environmental Health publishes manuscripts focusing on critical aspects of environmental and occupational medicine, including studies in toxicology and epidemiology, to illuminate the human health implications of exposure to environmental hazards. The journal adopts an open-access model and practices open peer review.
It caters to scientists and practitioners across all environmental science domains, directly or indirectly impacting human health and well-being. With a commitment to enhancing the prevention of environmentally-related health risks, Environmental Health serves as a public health journal for the community and scientists engaged in matters of public health significance concerning the environment.
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