Phylogenetic studies and distinction of aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus species in section Flavi, Ochraceorosei and Nidulantes: A review.

IF 2.6 3区 生物学 Q2 GENETICS & HEREDITY Gene Pub Date : 2025-02-10 Epub Date: 2024-12-09 DOI:10.1016/j.gene.2024.149151
Aashish Kumar Sharma, Adesh Kumar, Robin Rijal
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Abstract

Aspergillus species produce polyketides, which form the basis of aflatoxins, some of the most significant mycotoxins in agriculture. Aflatoxins contaminate cereals, oilseeds, and nuts, both in the field and during storage. Of the 13 naturally occurring aflatoxins, the most potent are aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2. The primary aflatoxigenic species are A. flavus, A. parasiticus, and A. nomius, while A. arachidicola, A. minisclerotigenes, and A. saccharicola also documented. These aflatoxin producers belong to three sections- 'Flavi', 'Ochraceorosei', and 'Nidulantes.' Aspergillus flavus, within section Flavi, shows morphological diversity, classified into Group I (S- and L- strains) and Group II (S- strains), with S-strains producing higher levels of aflatoxins. Aflatoxin biosynthesis is primarily regulated by the aflR gene, though other genes like aflS, aflP, aflQ, aflC, and aflM are also associated. However, presence of the aflR gene does not guarantee aflatoxin production across species. Sterigmatocystin serves as a precursor molecule within the pathway leading to aflatoxin production. Phylogenetic assessment, using ITS, BenA, CaM, and RBP2 gene sequences, reveals distinct clusters within Aspergillus sections and highlights the co-evolution of aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic species. Aspergillus ochraceoroseus and A. rambellii diverged out of aflatoxin-producing species earlier in evolutionary history, before splitting from a shared ancestor with A. fumigatus, which neither produces aflatoxins nor sterigmatocystin. Non-aflatoxigenic species like A. oryzae may evolve from aflatoxigenic species like A. flavus due to variations in evolutionary rates, telomere deletions, and mutations in aflatoxin biosynthesis genes. Comparative genomic analysis of AF, AF/ST and ST gene cluster shows that A. flavus has a larger aflatoxin gene cluster, while A. ochraceoroseus lacks the genes aflP and aflQ. Additionally, A. ochraceoroseus and A. rambellii possess a smaller genome, suggesting that genetic drift and deletions have refined their genomes for more efficient aflatoxin production.

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黄曲霉属黄曲霉属黄曲霉属、黄曲霉属黄曲霉属和Nidulantes黄曲霉属的系统发育研究与区分。
曲霉种类产生聚酮,这是黄曲霉毒素的基础,黄曲霉毒素是农业中一些最重要的真菌毒素。黄曲霉毒素污染谷物、油籽和坚果,无论是在田间还是在储存期间。在13种自然产生的黄曲霉毒素中,最有效的是黄曲霉毒素B1、B2、G1和G2。主要的黄曲霉毒素种类是黄曲霉、寄生曲霉和野曲霉,而花生曲霉、微绿曲霉和糖曲霉也有记录。这些黄曲霉毒素生产商属于三个部分:‘Flavi’, ‘Ochraceorosei’和‘Nidulantes ’。黄曲霉(Aspergillus Flavi)在黄曲霉组中表现出形态多样性,分为类群I (S-和L-菌株)和类群II (S-菌株),其中S-菌株产生的黄曲霉毒素含量较高。黄曲霉毒素的生物合成主要由aflR基因调控,但其他基因如aflS、aflP、aflQ、aflC和aflM也与之相关。然而,aflR基因的存在并不能保证黄曲霉毒素在物种间产生。Sterigmatocystin在导致黄曲霉毒素产生的途径中充当前体分子。利用ITS、BenA、CaM和RBP2基因序列进行系统发育评估,揭示了曲霉区段内不同的集群,并强调了产黄曲霉毒素和非产黄曲霉毒素物种的共同进化。在与既不产生黄曲霉毒素也不产生sterigmatocystin的a . fumigatus有共同的祖先之前,在进化史上较早的时候,ochracoroseus和a . rambellii从产生黄曲霉毒素的物种中分离出来。由于进化速率、端粒缺失和黄曲霉毒素生物合成基因突变的差异,非黄曲霉毒素物种(如米曲霉)可能从黄曲霉毒素物种(如黄曲霉)进化而来。比较AF、AF/ST和ST基因簇的基因组分析表明,黄曲霉毒素基因簇较大,而黄曲霉缺乏aflP和aflQ基因。此外,a . ochraceoroseus和a . rambellii拥有更小的基因组,这表明遗传漂变和缺失使它们的基因组更精细,从而更有效地产生黄曲霉毒素。
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来源期刊
Gene
Gene 生物-遗传学
CiteScore
6.10
自引率
2.90%
发文量
718
审稿时长
42 days
期刊介绍: Gene publishes papers that focus on the regulation, expression, function and evolution of genes in all biological contexts, including all prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, as well as viruses.
期刊最新文献
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