Targeting mitochondrial dynamics: A promising approach for intracerebral hemorrhage therapy.

Abstract

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a major global health issue with high mortality and disability rates. Following ICH, the hematoma exerts direct pressure on brain tissue, and blood entering the brain directly damages neurons and the blood-brain barrier. Subsequently, oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, apoptosis, brain edema, excitotoxicity, iron toxicity, and metabolic dysfunction around the hematoma further exacerbate brain tissue damage, leading to secondary brain injury (SBI). Mitochondria, essential for energy production and the regulation of oxidative stress, are damaged after ICH, resulting in impaired ATP production, excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and disrupted calcium homeostasis, all of which contribute to SBI. Therefore, a central factor in SBI is mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial dynamics regulate the shape, size, distribution, and quantity of mitochondria through fusion and fission, both of which are crucial for maintaining their function. Fusion repairs damaged mitochondria and preserves their health, while fission helps mitochondria adapt to cellular stress and removes damaged mitochondria through mitophagy. When this balance is disrupted following ICH, mitochondrial dysfunction worsens, oxidative stress and metabolic failure are exacerbated, ultimately contributing to SBI. Targeting mitochondrial dynamics offers a promising therapeutic approach to restoring mitochondrial function, reducing cellular damage, and improving recovery. This review explores the latest research on modulating mitochondrial dynamics and highlights its potential to enhance outcomes in ICH patients.