Discovery of Triketone–Indazolones as Novel 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase Inhibiting-Based Herbicides

Abstract

4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) is a crucial herbicide target in current research, playing an important role in the comprehensive management of resistant weeds. However, the limited crop selectivity and less effectiveness against grass weeds of many existing HPPD inhibitors, limit their further application. To address these issues, a series of novel HPPD inhibitors with fused ring structures were designed and synthesized by introducing an electron-rich indazolone ring and combining it with the classical triketone pharmacophore structure. The cocrystal structure of representative compound III-7 complexed with Arabidopsis thaliana HPPD (AtHPPD) was obtained at 2.0 Å resolution to guide the optimization of the designed inhibitor. The optimization results showed that 5-(2-hydroxy-6-oxocyclohex-1-ene-1-carbonyl)-1,4-dimethyl-2-(3-(methylthio)phenyl)-1,2-dihydro-3H-indazol-3-one, III-15, was the most active AtHPPD inhibitor, with an IC₅₀ value of 12 nM, nearly 30 times higher efficacy than mesotrione. Greenhouse herbicidal activity tests demonstrated that compound III-15 exhibited excellent herbicidal potency at 30–120 g ai/ha. Notably, it maintained high safety for peanuts even at 120 g ai/ha. Our results showed that compound III-15 is promising as a new candidate HPPD herbicide for use in the peanut fields.