Lateral flow analysis test strips based on aggregation-induced emission technique: Principle, design, and application.

Abstract

This review examines the potential of aggregation-induced luminescence (AIE) materials in lateral flow assays (LFA) to enhance the sensitivity and specificity of a range of assay applications. LFA is a straightforward and effective paper-based platform for the rapid detection of target analytes in mixtures. Its simple design, low cost, and ease of operation are among the most attractive advantages of LFA. The signal reporting label, which constitutes the core component of LFA detection, is of paramount importance for enhancing the sensitivity of the detection process. The sensitivity of traditional LFA signal labels is insufficient for the detection of biomarkers at low concentrations. To address this issue, AIE materials have been developed in recent years. These materials can significantly enhance the luminescence intensity at high concentrations or in aggregated states, exhibiting excellent photostability and a high signal-to-noise ratio. They possess the advantages of high quantum yields, good photostability, and strong fluorescence, rendering them suitable for a variety of applications, including medical diagnostics, food safety, and environmental monitoring. This review therefore provides an overview of the operational principles of AIE and LFA, details the selection of AIE materials, the design of the platform and their applications, and reviews the latest research. Notable examples include the detection of viral pathogens, bacterial and mycotoxin contamination, antibiotic residues, and pesticide residues. The integration of AIE materials in LFA technology has demonstrated the potential for rapid, accurate, and cost-effective diagnostics. However, challenges remain in large-scale synthesis and multiplexed assays. The paper concludes with a discussion of current limitations and future directions for the technology.