In this paper, a sensing detection method based on the fiber wedge angle microstructure for coupling excitation of microtubular cavity resonance was proposed. The theoretical model of coupling resonance between the fiber wedge end-face and microtubular cavity was established. The sensing detection mechanism of WGM resonance in the capillary microreactor was investigated. Through the simulation analysis of the factors influencing coupling efficiency and the sensing sensitivity by the capillary microcavity WGM coupling resonant structure, the structural parameters of the coupling resonant system were optimized. The experimental system was established for testing resonant excitation characteristics under different coupling structure parameters, and detecting the RI sensing of solution. The proposed capillary micro-cavity resonant detection system has good robustness, simple resonant excitation structure, and easy integration and practical application. The established theoretical model and analysis results provide new ideas for the application of optical fiber microstructure in capillary microreactor biochemical assay applications.