Occurrence and Reduction of Viruses in Sludge from Full-Scale Wastewater and Organic Waste Treatment Plants During Anaerobic Digestion

IF 3.8 4区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Pub Date : 2025-01-10 DOI:10.1007/s11270-024-07734-w

Elena Franchitti, Marta Vallino, Corinne Francese, Alessia Lai, Marina Ciuffo, Deborah Traversi

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Abstract

Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a green biotechnology feed with various materials, including wastewater sludge and organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW). Even if a viral contamination of the organic materials is present, the persistence of the viruses in the effluent after the anaerobic treatment is not yet well known. This study aims to assess viral contamination in the influents and effluents of AD process combining innovative methods—digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) observations—in a real-scale context. The research activity involved 2 wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and 2 OFMSW treatment plants with an anaerobic digestion (AD) step. After a screening on 12 viral targets, including known pathogens and indicators, the 7 most present—adenovirus, norovirus genotype II (GII), SARS-CoV-2 and GII-GIII coliphages, pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), tomato mosaic virus (ToMV)—were investigated in 72 samples. Adenoviruses and the viral indicators were present in higher concentrations (> 5 log gene copies/kg sludge), lower values were observed forthe other viruses. SARS-CoV-2 RNA positivity was detected with a different prevalence in the samples (84% WWTP vs 36% OFMSW; p < 0.01). AD produced limited viral decrease (≤ 1 Log) especially in WWTP sludges. ToMV was always observed when at least one viral pathogen was noted in the samples, supporting that it may be a promising viral marker. The innovative methods applied have produced useful evidence on the persistence of viruses in the sludges, valuable for the management and improvement of current waste treatments.

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大型污水和有机废物处理厂厌氧消化过程中污泥中病毒的发生和减少

厌氧消化（AD）是一种绿色生物技术饲料，采用多种原料，包括污水污泥和城市生活垃圾（OFMSW）的有机部分。即使存在有机材料的病毒污染，但在厌氧处理后，病毒在流出物中的持久性尚不清楚。本研究旨在结合创新的方法-数字聚合酶链反应（ddPCR）和透射电子显微镜（TEM）观察-在真实规模的背景下评估AD工艺进水和出水中的病毒污染。研究活动涉及2个污水处理厂（WWTP）和2个带厌氧消化（AD）步骤的固体垃圾处理厂。在对已知病原体和指标等12个病毒靶点进行筛选后，对72份样品中最常见的7种病毒（腺病毒、诺如病毒基因型（GII）、SARS-CoV-2和GII- giii噬菌体、辣椒轻度斑纹病毒（PMMoV）、番茄花叶病毒（ToMV））进行了研究。腺病毒和病毒指标的浓度较高（5 log基因拷贝/kg污泥），其他病毒的浓度较低。在样本中检测到SARS-CoV-2 RNA阳性，但患病率不同(污水处理84% vs OFMSW 36%；p < 0.01)。AD对病毒的抑制作用有限（≤1 Log），特别是在污水处理厂污泥中。当样品中至少有一种病毒病原体时，总是观察到ToMV，这支持它可能是一种有前途的病毒标记物。所采用的创新方法为污泥中病毒的持久性提供了有用的证据，对管理和改进当前的废物处理具有价值。

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来源期刊

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 环境科学-环境科学

CiteScore

4.50

自引率

6.90%

发文量

448

审稿时长

2.6 months

期刊介绍： Water, Air, & Soil Pollution is an international, interdisciplinary journal on all aspects of pollution and solutions to pollution in the biosphere. This includes chemical, physical and biological processes affecting flora, fauna, water, air and soil in relation to environmental pollution. Because of its scope, the subject areas are diverse and include all aspects of pollution sources, transport, deposition, accumulation, acid precipitation, atmospheric pollution, metals, aquatic pollution including marine pollution and ground water, waste water, pesticides, soil pollution, sewage, sediment pollution, forestry pollution, effects of pollutants on humans, vegetation, fish, aquatic species, micro-organisms, and animals, environmental and molecular toxicology applied to pollution research, biosensors, global and climate change, ecological implications of pollution and pollution models. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution also publishes manuscripts on novel methods used in the study of environmental pollutants, environmental toxicology, environmental biology, novel environmental engineering related to pollution, biodiversity as influenced by pollution, novel environmental biotechnology as applied to pollution (e.g. bioremediation), environmental modelling and biorestoration of polluted environments. Articles should not be submitted that are of local interest only and do not advance international knowledge in environmental pollution and solutions to pollution. Articles that simply replicate known knowledge or techniques while researching a local pollution problem will normally be rejected without review. Submitted articles must have up-to-date references, employ the correct experimental replication and statistical analysis, where needed and contain a significant contribution to new knowledge. The publishing and editorial team sincerely appreciate your cooperation. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution publishes research papers; review articles; mini-reviews; and book reviews.