Evaluation of Semiempirical Quantum Mechanical Methods for Zr-Based Metal–Organic Framework Catalysts

Abstract

Zr-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are typically employed in heterogeneous catalysis due to their porosity, chemical and thermal stability, and well-defined active sites. Density functional theory (DFT) is the workhorse to compute their electronic structure; however, it becomes very costly when dealing with reaction mechanisms involving large unit cells and vast configurational spaces. Semiempirical quantum mechanical (SQM) methods appear as an alternative approach to simulate such chemical systems at low computational cost, but their feasibility to model catalysis with MOFs is still unexplored. Thus, here we present a benchmark study on UiO-66 to evaluate the performance of SQM methods (PM6, PM7, GFN1-xTB, GFN2-xTB) against hybrid DFT (M06). We evaluate defective nodes, ligand exchange reactions, barrier heights, and host–guest interactions with metal nanoclusters. Despite some caveats, GFN1-xTB on properly constrained models is the best SQM method across all studied properties. Under proper supervision, this protocol holds promise for application in exploratory high-throughput screenings of Zr-based MOF catalysts, subject to further refinement with more accurate methods.