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Stable π​ Radical BDPA: Adsorption on Cu(100) and Survival of Spin. 稳定的 π Radical BDPA:在 Cu(100) 上的吸附和自旋存活。
IF 2.3 3区 化学 Q3 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-11-21 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400852
Jacob Dickinson Teeter, Daniel P Miller, Stefan Müllegger

The adsorption of the radical α,γ-bisdiphenylene-β-phenylallyl (BDPA) molecule to the Cu(100) surface was studied using scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM), scanning tunnelling spectroscopy (STS), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations accounting for dispersion forces. BDPA on Cu(100) was observed to align preferentially along [[EQUATION]] directions due to weak Cu-C chemisorption between fluorenyl carbons with the underlying copper atoms. The curved shape of the BDPA molecule on Cu(100) can be ascribed to the lack of molecular orbital character on the phenyl substituent. A Kondo-like feature from differential conductance (dI/dV) measurements centered close to the Fermi energy ([[EQUATION]]) suggests the retention of an electron spin-½ state, which is corroborated by hybrid DFT calculations that place the SOMO below and SUMO above EF for Cu(100).

使用扫描隧道显微镜(STM)、扫描隧道光谱(STS)和密度泛函理论(DFT)计算(考虑了分散力)研究了自由基 α,γ-双二苯基-β-苯基烯丙基(BDPA)分子在铜(100)表面的吸附情况。由于芴基碳与底层铜原子之间存在微弱的 Cu-C 化学吸附作用,在 Cu(100) 上观察到 BDPA 优先沿[[方程]]方向排列。BDPA 分子在 Cu(100) 上的弯曲形状可归因于苯基取代基缺乏分子轨道特性。差分电导(dI/dV)测量结果显示,以费米能([[方程]])附近为中心的 Kondo-like 特征表明,Cu(100)保留了电子自旋½态,混合 DFT 计算也证实了这一点,该计算将 SOMO 置于 EF 以下,SUMO 置于 EF 以上。
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引用次数: 0
Absorption and Excited-State Coherences of Cryogenically Cold Retinal Protonated Schiff Base in Vacuo. 低温视网膜质子化席夫碱在真空中的吸收和激发态相干。
IF 2.3 3区 化学 Q3 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-11-21 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400878
Lars Henrik Andersen, Nikolaj Klinkby, Anne Pilgaard Rasmussen, Anders G S Lauridsen

Retinal protonated Schiff base (RPSB), found in its all-trans conformer in Bacteriorhodopsin, undergoes barrier-controlled isomerization upon photoabsorption through polyene- chain torsion. The effects of the protein environment on the active vibrations during photoabsorption and their redistribution are still not understood. This paper reports on femtosecond time-resolved action-absorption measurements of cryogenically cooled gas-phase all-trans RPSB, which exhibit two coherent vibrational oscillations, 167(14) cm-1 and 117(1) cm-1, of the first excited state with dephasing times of ∼ 1 ps. The absence of the high-frequency vibration in solution and the low-frequency vibration in the protein indicates that these vibrations are sensitive to environments. An action-absorption spectrum of cryogenically cold all-trans RPSB, reveals a ∼ 310 cm-1 active vibration when using a hole-burning technique and 1500 cm-1 C=C stretching modes.

视网膜质子化席夫碱(RPSB)以全反式构象存在于细菌眼色素中,在光吸收时通过多烯链扭转发生受屏障控制的异构化。目前还不清楚光吸收过程中蛋白质环境对活性振动及其再分布的影响。本文报告了对低温冷却气相全反式 RPSB 进行飞秒时间分辨作用吸收测量的结果,其第一激发态的两个相干振动(167(14) cm-1 和 117(1) cm-1)的消相时间为 1 ps。溶液中没有高频振动,而蛋白质中没有低频振动,这表明这些振动对环境很敏感。低温冷全反式 RPSB 的作用-吸收光谱显示,在使用空穴燃烧技术时,有一个 ∼ 310 cm-1 的活跃振动和 1500 cm-1 的 C=C 伸展模式。
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引用次数: 0
Unraveling the stereoisomer configurations of 1,1'-bis(tert-butylphosphino)ferrocene in the gas phase. 揭示 1,1'-双(叔丁基膦)二茂铁在气相中的立体异构体构型。
IF 2.3 3区 化学 Q3 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400881
Wenhao Sun, Denis Kargin, Zsolt Kelemen, Rudolf Pietschnig, Melanie Schnell

The molecular structure of a ferrocene derivative with adjacent centers of chirality, 1,1'-bis(tert - butylphosphino)ferrocene, has been examined in the gas phase using broadband microwave spectroscopy under the isolated and cold conditions of a supersonic jet. The diastereomers of 1,1'-bis(tert-butylphosphino)ferrocene can adopt homo- and hetero-chiral configurations, owing to the P-chiral substituents on the cyclopentadienyl rings. Moreover, the internal ring rotation of each diastereomer gives rise to four conformers with eclipsed ring arrangements, where the two tert-butylphosphino groups were separated by dihedral angles of approximately 72◦, 144◦, 216◦, and 288◦ with respect to the two ring centers. The interconversion barriers between the conformations are below 2 kJ/mol, whereas the pyramidal inversion of the tert-butylphosphino groups is hindered by more than 140 kJ/mol, calculated at the B3LYP-D3(BJ)/def2-QZVP level of theory. In the experimental microwave spectrum, we unambiguously identified the two global-minimum diastereomers with 72◦ conformations. The absence of other conformers can be attributed to the relaxation dynamics in the supersonic jet, which transfers the high-energy conformers to the respective global-minimum geometries. Additionally, we discovered that London dispersion inter- actions between the two tert-butylphosphino groups play a crucial role in stabilizing the structures of this ferrocene complex.

在超音速喷流的孤立和冷条件下,使用宽带微波光谱法研究了气相中具有相邻手性中心的二茂铁衍生物--1,1'-双(叔丁基膦)二茂铁的分子结构。由于环戊二烯环上的 P 手性取代基,1,1'-双(叔丁基膦)二茂铁的非对映异构体可以采用同手性和异手性构型。此外,每个非对映异构体的内环旋转产生了四种具有黯环排列的构象,其中两个叔丁基膦基团相对于两个环中心的二面角分别约为 72◦、144◦、216◦和 288◦。根据 B3LYP-D3(BJ)/def2-QZVP 理论水平计算,这些构象之间的相互转换障碍低于 2 kJ/mol,而叔丁基膦基团的金字塔反转障碍则超过 140 kJ/mol。在实验微波频谱中,我们明确地识别出了 72◦ 构象的两种全局最小非对映异构体。其他构象的缺失可归因于超音速射流中的弛豫动力学,它将高能构象转移到各自的全局最小构象中。此外,我们还发现两个叔丁基膦基团之间的伦敦色散作用在稳定二茂铁复合物结构方面起着至关重要的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Perturbational and variational energy decomposition analysis on hydrogen bonds of coordinated glycine with water molecule. 配位甘氨酸与水分子氢键的扰动和变异能量分解分析。
IF 2.3 3区 化学 Q3 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400948
Snežana D Zarić, Sonja S Zrilić, Dragan B Ninković, Mihajlo Etinski

Three types of hydrogen bonds of coordinated glycine and water had been investigated: NH/O of α-amino group, O1/HO involving oxygen coordinated to the metal ion (O1), and O2/HO involving α-carbonyl oxygen (O2). Various glycine complexes were investigated: octahedral cobalt(III) and nickel(II), square pyramidal copper(II), and square planar copper(II), palladium(II), and platinum(II) complexes. Nature of these three hydrogen bond types was analysed using symmetry-adapted perturbation theory (SAPT) and variational energy decomposition analysis (EDA) method (TPSS-D3/def2-TZVPP). The results of the EDA decomposition are in good agreement with the reliable SAPT2+3/def2-TZVPP and its total interaction values with CCSD(T)/CBS energies. Electrostatic interaction is generally the dominant attractive energy term in most of the interactions, followed by orbital relaxation, and lastly dispersion as the weakest. We compared EDA results of various complexes to determine the effects of complex charge, metal oxidation, coordination, and atomic number on the energy decomposition terms. The complex charge influences the values of decomposition terms the most, followed by metal oxidation and coordination number, while atomic number effects them the least. All complex and metal changes have a more significant effect on the results of NH/O and O1/HO then O2/HO interactions, due to its location further away from the metal ion.

研究了配位甘氨酸和水的三种氢键:α-氨基的 NH/O、涉及与金属离子配位的氧(O1)的 O1/HO,以及涉及α-羰基氧(O2)的 O2/HO。研究了各种甘氨酸配合物:八面体钴(III)和镍(II)、方形金字塔铜(II)、方形平面铜(II)、钯(II)和铂(II)配合物。利用对称性适应扰动理论(SAPT)和变异能量分解分析(EDA)方法(TPSS-D3/def2-TZVPP)分析了这三种氢键类型的性质。EDA 分解的结果与可靠的 SAPT2+3/def2-TZVPP 及其与 CCSD(T)/CBS 能量的总相互作用值十分吻合。在大多数相互作用中,静电作用通常是最主要的吸引能量项,其次是轨道弛豫,最后是最弱的色散。我们比较了各种络合物的 EDA 结果,以确定络合物电荷、金属氧化性、配位和原子序数对能量分解项的影响。络合物电荷对分解项数值的影响最大,其次是金属氧化性和配位数,而原子序数对其影响最小。所有络合物和金属的变化对 NH/O 和 O1/HO 作用结果的影响都比对 O2/HO 作用结果的影响大,这是因为 O2/HO 离金属离子的位置更远。
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引用次数: 0
17O NMR spectroscopy reveals CO2 speciation and dynamics in hydroxide-based carbon capture materials. 17O NMR 光谱揭示了基于氢氧化物的碳捕获材料中的 CO2 分类和动力学。
IF 2.3 3区 化学 Q3 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400941
Benjamin Rhodes, Lars Schaaf, Mary Zick, Suzi Pugh, Jordon Hilliard, Shivani Sharma, Casey Wade, Phillip Milner, Gábor Csányi, Alexander Forse

Carbon dioxide capture technologies are set to play a vital role in mitigating the current climate crisis. Solid-state 17O NMR spectroscopy can provide key mechanistic insights that are crucial to effective sorbent development. In this work, we present the fundamental aspects and complexities for the study of hydroxide-based CO2 capture systems by 17O NMR. We perform static density functional theory (DFT) NMR calculations to assign peaks for general hydroxide CO2 capture products, finding that 17O NMR can readily distinguish bicarbonate, carbonate and water species. However, in application to CO2 binding in two test case hydroxide-functionalised metal-organic frameworks (MOFs):  MFU-4l and KHCO3-cyclodextrin-MOF, we find that a dynamic treatment is necessary to obtain agreement between computational and experimental spectra. We therefore introduce a workflow that leverages machine-learning forcefields to capture dynamics across multiple chemical exchange regimes, providing a significant improvement on static DFT predictions. In MFU-4l, we parameterise a two-component dynamic motion of the bicarbonate motif involving a rapid carbonyl seesaw motion and intermediate hydroxyl proton hopping. For KHCO3-CD-MOF, we combined experimental and modelling approaches to propose a new mixed carbonate-bicarbonate binding mechanism and thus, we open new avenues for the study and modelling of hydroxide-based CO2 capture materials by 17O NMR.

二氧化碳捕集技术将在缓解当前气候危机方面发挥重要作用。固态 17O NMR 光谱可提供对有效开发吸附剂至关重要的关键机理认识。在这项工作中,我们介绍了利用 17O NMR 研究基于氢氧化物的二氧化碳捕集系统的基本方面和复杂性。我们进行了静态密度泛函理论 (DFT) NMR 计算,为一般氢氧化物二氧化碳捕获产物分配峰值,发现 17O NMR 可以轻松区分碳酸氢盐、碳酸盐和水物种。然而,在应用于两个氢氧化物功能化金属有机框架(MOFs)中的二氧化碳结合试验案例时: MFU-4l和 KHCO3-环糊精-MOF)中的二氧化碳结合情况时,我们发现必须进行动态处理,才能获得计算光谱与实验光谱之间的一致。因此,我们引入了一种工作流程,利用机器学习力场捕捉多种化学交换机制的动态,显著改善了静态 DFT 预测。在 MFU-4l 中,我们对碳酸氢盐基团的双组分动态运动进行了参数化,其中包括快速的羰基跷跷板运动和中间的羟基质子跳跃。对于 KHCO3-CD-MOF,我们结合了实验和建模方法,提出了一种新的碳酸盐-碳酸氢盐混合结合机制,从而为利用 17O NMR 研究和建模基于氢氧化物的二氧化碳捕获材料开辟了新的途径。
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引用次数: 0
Commercial silica materials functionalized with a versatile organocatalyst for the catalysis of acylation reactions in liquid media. 用一种多功能有机催化剂功能化的商用二氧化硅材料,用于催化液体介质中的酰化反应。
IF 2.3 3区 化学 Q3 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-11-19 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400936
Raoul D Brand, Mareike Maass, Anatoliy G Grebenyuk, Alexander A Golub, Bernd M Smarsly

Silica materials represent a promising material for the application in heterogeneous organocatalysis due to their readily modifiable surface and chemical inertness. To achieve high catalyst loadings, usually, porous carriers with high surface areas are used, such as special silica monoliths or spherical particles for backed bed reactors.  Yet, their synthesis is elaborate, and thus less complex and cheaper alternatives are of interest, especially considering scaling up. In this work, two commercial silica materials functionalized with the organocatalyst 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) were used in catalytic acylation reactions: a mesoporous silica gel (Siliabond®-DMAP) and non-porous silica nanoparticles (Ludox®). Both were successfully used in the acylation of phenylethanol, but the latter required significantly longer reaction times, presumably due to mass-transfer limitations as a consequence of substantial agglomeration that limits the accessible amount of catalyst. Furthermore, it was shown that the influence of the linker molecule is negligible, since both reaction yields and the activation energy remain largely similar. As main result the commercial material Siliabond-DMAP, despite the non-uniform particles, exhibited significant yield in a flow setup, thus demonstrating the potential as support material for application in heterogeneous organocatalysis.

二氧化硅材料因其易于改性的表面和化学惰性,在异相有机催化中是一种很有应用前景的材料。为了达到较高的催化剂负载量,通常会使用具有高比表面积的多孔载体,例如用于反向床反应器的特殊二氧化硅单片或球形颗粒。 然而,这些载体的合成过程十分复杂,因此,复杂程度较低、成本较低的替代品引起了人们的兴趣,尤其是考虑到规模的扩大。在这项研究中,两种用有机催化剂 4-(二甲基氨基)吡啶 (DMAP) 功能化的商用二氧化硅材料被用于催化酰化反应:介孔二氧化硅凝胶(Siliabond®-DMAP)和无孔二氧化硅纳米颗粒(Ludox®)。这两种催化剂都成功地用于苯乙醇的酰化反应,但后者所需的反应时间明显更长,这可能是由于大量团聚限制了催化剂的可及量,从而导致传质受限。此外,研究还表明,链接分子的影响可以忽略不计,因为反应产率和活化能基本相似。主要结果是,尽管商用材料 Siliabond-DMAP 的颗粒并不均匀,但在流动装置中却表现出了显著的产率,从而证明了其作为支撑材料应用于异相有机催化的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
On the Interplay Between Force, Temperature, and Electric Fields in the Rupture Process of Mechanophores. 论力学分子破裂过程中力、温度和电场之间的相互作用
IF 2.3 3区 化学 Q3 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-11-18 Epub Date: 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400648
Tarek Scheele, Tim Neudecker

The use of oriented external electric fields (OEEFs) shows promise as an alternative approach to chemical catalysis. The ability to target a specific bond by aligning it with a bond-weakening electric field may be beneficial in mechanochemical reactions, which use mechanical force to selectively rupture bonds. Previous computational studies have focused on a static description of molecules in OEEFs, neglecting to test the influence of thermal oscillations on molecular stability. Here, we performed ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations based on density functional theory (DFT) to investigate the behaviour of a model mechanophore under the simultaneous influence of thermal and electric field effects. We show that the change in bond length caused by a strong electric field is largely independent of the temperature, both without and with mechanical stretching forces applied to the molecule. The amplitude of thermal oscillations increases with increasing field strength and temperature, but at low temperatures, the application of mechanical force leads to an additional increase in amplitude. Our research shows that methods for applying mechanical force and OEEFs can be safely combined and included in an AIMD simulation at both low and high temperatures, allowing researchers to computationally investigate mechanochemical reactions in realistic application scenarios.

定向外电场(OEEFs)的使用有望成为化学催化的另一种方法。在机械化学反应中,利用机械力选择性地断裂化学键,通过将特定化学键与弱化化学键的电场对齐来瞄准该化学键的能力可能是有益的。以往的计算研究侧重于对 OEEFs 中分子的静态描述,忽略了测试热振荡对分子稳定性的影响。在此,我们基于密度泛函理论(DFT)进行了原子分子动力学(AIMD)模拟,研究了模型 mechanophore 在热效应和电场效应同时影响下的行为。我们的研究表明,在分子没有施加机械拉伸力或施加了机械拉伸力的情况下,强电场引起的键长变化基本上与温度无关。热振荡的振幅随着电场强度和温度的增加而增加,但在低温条件下,施加机械力会导致振幅的额外增加。我们的研究表明,施加机械力和 OEEFs 的方法可以安全地结合起来,并包含在低温和高温的 AIMD 模拟中,使研究人员能够在现实应用场景中对机械化学反应进行计算研究。
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引用次数: 0
Vibronic Splitting of the Electronic Origin in Two Conformers of the 3-Tolunitrile Dimer. 3-tolunitrile 二聚物两种构象中电子源的振动分裂。
IF 2.3 3区 化学 Q3 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-11-18 Epub Date: 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400509
Jascha Martini, Jan Ortlepp, Christian Henrichs, Michael Schmitt

3-tolunitrile (3-TN) can form three different dimers, which differ in the relative orientation of the methyl groups. We determined the geometry changes of two of these conformers of 3-TN upon electronic excitation via a Franck-Condon fit of the vibronic intensities in the fluorescence emission spectra. Both aromatic rings expand upon electronic excitation, showing a delocalized one-photon excitation of the cluster. The conformer with the smaller center-of-mass distance shows an unusual order of the split components of the electronic origin. We attribute this changed order to the stronger charge transfer contributions to the splitting and a partial breakdown of the point dipole approximation, made in the Frenkel type interaction.

3-tolunitrile (3-TN) 可以由三种不同的二聚体组成,它们在甲基的相对取向上有所不同。我们通过对荧光发射光谱中的振子强度进行弗朗克-康顿拟合,确定了 3-TN 的其中两个构象在电子激发时的几何形状变化。在电子激发时,两个芳香环都会膨胀,显示出簇的单光子分散激发。COM距离较小的构象显示出电子源分裂成分的不寻常顺序。我们将这种变化的顺序归因于较强的 CT 对分裂的贡献,以及在 Frenkel 型相互作用中点偶极子近似的部分崩溃。
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引用次数: 0
Miscibility of Non-Uniform Aliphatic Polyamide Mixtures. 非均匀脂肪族聚酰胺混合物的混溶性。
IF 2.3 3区 化学 Q3 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-11-18 Epub Date: 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400206
Stijn H M van Leuken, Judith J van Gorp, Rolf A T M van Benthem, Mark Vis, Remco Tuinier

Mixing different aliphatic polyamides provides opportunities to tune and optimize the properties of these semicrystalline polycondensates. Combining experiment and theory, we predict and explain the miscibility of aliphatic polyamide mixtures. Visual inspection and Raman spectroscopy of polyamide mixtures show that liquid/liquid phase demixing occurs in the melt due to limited miscibility. The large number of potential polyamide mixtures makes it challenging to test all miscibilities experimentally. Moreover, the dependence of miscibility on dispersity and the presence of water implies further challenges to a systematic experimental approach. Our theory predicts polyamide miscibility, while accounting for amide content, non-uniformity, and moisture content, using generalizations of Flory-Huggins theory. Predicted miscibilities align with experimental results obtained on tested mixed polyamides. The gained insights guide the optimization of functional polyamide blends.

混合不同的脂肪族聚酰胺为调整和优化这些半结晶聚缩聚物的特性提供了机会。结合实验和理论,我们预测并解释了脂肪族聚酰胺混合物的混溶性。聚酰胺混合物的目测和拉曼光谱显示,由于混溶性有限,熔体中会出现液相/液相脱混现象。由于可能存在大量聚酰胺混合物,因此通过实验测试所有的混溶性具有挑战性。此外,混溶性取决于分散性和水的存在,这对系统实验方法提出了更多挑战。我们的理论通过对 Flory-Huggins 理论的概括,预测了聚酰胺的混溶性,同时考虑了酰胺含量、不均匀性和水分含量。预测的混溶性与测试的混合聚酰胺的实验结果一致。这些见解为功能性聚酰胺混合物的优化提供了指导。
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引用次数: 0
Surface Gold Atoms Determine Peroxidase Mimic Activity in Gold Alloy Nanoparticles. 表面金原子决定了金合金纳米粒子的过氧化物酶模拟活性。
IF 2.3 3区 化学 Q3 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-11-18 Epub Date: 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400486
Giulia Maria Spataro, Jijin Yang, Vito Coviello, Stefano Agnoli, Vincenzo Amendola

The development of peroxidase mimic nanocatalysts is relevant for oxidation reactions in biosensing, environmental monitoring and green chemical processes. Several nanomaterials have been proposed as peroxidase mimic, the majority of which consists of noble metals and oxide nanoparticles (NPs). Yet, there is still limited information about how the change in the composition influences their catalytic activity. Here, the peroxidase mimic behaviour of gold NPs is compared to a traditional nanoalloy as Au-Ag and to the Au-Fe and the Au-Co nanoalloys, which were not tested before as oxidation catalysts. Since the alloys of gold with iron and cobalt are thermodynamically unstable, laser ablation in liquid (LAL) is exploited for the synthesis of these NPs. Using LAL, no chemical stabilizers or capping agents are present on the NPs surface, allowing the evaluation of the oxidation behaviour as a function of the alloy composition. The results point to the importance of surface gold atoms in the catalytic process, but also indicate the possibility of obtaining active nanocatalysts with a lower content of Au by alloying it with iron, which is earth-abundant, non-toxic and low cost. Overall, Au nanoalloys are worth consideration as a more sustainable alternative to pure Au nanocatalysts for oxidation reactions.

过氧化物酶模拟纳米催化剂的开发与生物传感、环境监测和绿色化学过程中的氧化反应有关。已有多种纳米材料被提议用作过氧化物酶模拟物,其中大部分由贵金属和氧化物纳米颗粒(NPs)组成。然而,有关成分变化如何影响其催化活性的信息仍然有限。在此,我们将金纳米粒子的过氧化物酶模拟行为与传统的金银纳米合金以及金铁和金钴纳米合金进行了比较。由于金与铁和钴的合金在热力学上不稳定,因此采用了液态激光烧蚀(LAL)技术来合成这些纳米粒子。利用 LAL,NPs 表面不存在化学稳定剂或封盖剂,因此可以评估氧化行为与合金成分的函数关系。研究结果表明了表面金原子在催化过程中的重要性,同时也表明了通过与铁进行合金化可以获得金含量较低的活性纳米催化剂。总之,金纳米合金是氧化反应中纯金纳米催化剂的一种更可持续的替代品,值得考虑。
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引用次数: 0
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