Is fossil fuel intensity adversely affecting health improvement and sustainability?

Abstract

This study investigates the intricate relationship between fossil fuel intensity and sustainable development goals in 24 countries from 2000 to 2020, including 12 high-income and 12 low- and lower-middle-income nations. The findings indicate that higher fossil fuel intensity in high-income countries is linked to reduced death rates and better health outcomes, attributed to advanced technologies and strong healthcare systems. In contrast, low- and lower-middle-income countries experience increased death rates and challenges to sustainability due to poor pollution control and healthcare infrastructure. Additionally, unemployment negatively affects health and sustainability across all countries, while ICT development and income equality have positive impacts. The study suggests that high-income countries should continue investing in clean energy and healthcare, while low- and lower-middle-income nations require support to lessen fossil fuel dependence and enhance healthcare infrastructure.