The influence of acute life stressors on mass shooter outcomes

Abstract

Purpose

Existing studies indicate that acute life stressors often precede mass shootings and may contribute to the shooter's motivation or exacerbate underlying mental health issues. However, it remains unclear whether these stressors influence mass shooter outcomes—that is, whether the shooter is apprehended, dies by suicide, or is killed by law enforcement or citizens. This study advances the literature by examining the associations between five acute life stressors and mass shooter outcomes and whether these associations vary across different incident types.

Methods

Using data on 539 lone mass shooters in the United States from 1980 to 2018, we employed logistic regression to predict mass shooter outcomes (suicide/killed vs. detained) from measures of recent financial strain, job loss, romantic breakup, interpersonal conflict, and other life stressors. Multiplicative interactions assessed whether these associations vary across incident type.

Results

Our analyses revealed that mass shooters who experienced a recent financial strain and job loss had higher odds of suicide/being killed. In contrast, interpersonal conflict was associated with lower odds of suicide/being killed. Moreover, associations were statistically invariant across family, felony, and public mass shootings.

Conclusion

The findings provide new insights about the predictors of mass shooter outcomes and have implications for prevention.