Journal of Criminal Justice最新文献

Striking or grappling? Comparing public and officers' perceptions of police use of force 打还是抓？比较公众和警察对警察使用武力的看法

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2026.102601

Joe Eleuterio-da-Rocha, Peter T. Tanksley, M. Hunter Martaindale, Jack Johncox, J. Pete Blair

Police officers use physical arrest and control techniques far more often than firearms, yet public understanding of how people judge these actions is limited, specifically regarding different styles of unarmed arrest. This study examined how civilians and law enforcement officers evaluate different types of police use of force, focusing on whether opinions change depending on the kind of technique used. Using short video clips of the same police encounter, the study employed a 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 experimental design that varied by officer race (Black or White), suspect race (Black or White), type of force used (striking, operationalized as a punch, or grappling, operationalized as a double-leg takedown), and video format (complete or segmented vignette). Civilians (n = 996) and officers (n = 744) randomly watched one of these videos and rated the officer's performance and response. Both groups viewed grappling as more appropriate and professional than striking. Grappling officers were more likely to have their performance rated as “excellent” than striking officers in both the civilian (48.2% vs. 34.1% of responses) and law enforcement samples (66.5% vs. 42.9%). Officer and suspect race did not significantly affect judgments, though officers' ratings were influenced by whether they saw the full or edited version of the video. Few participants supported disciplinary action against the officer, though civilians were more likely to recommend additional training. Overall, the findings show that people's reactions to police use of force depend heavily on how the force looks—not just whether it is legally justified—highlighting the importance of context and perception in public and professional evaluations.

警察使用身体逮捕和控制技术的频率远远超过使用枪支，然而公众对人们如何判断这些行动的理解有限，特别是对不同类型的非武装逮捕的理解。这项研究调查了平民和执法人员如何评估不同类型的警察使用武力，重点是人们的看法是否会随着使用的技术类型而改变。使用同一警察遭遇的短视频片段，该研究采用2x2 × 2x2实验设计，根据警察种族（黑人或白人），嫌疑人种族（黑人或白人），使用的武力类型（殴打，可操作为一拳，或扭打，可操作为双腿打倒）和视频格式（完整或分段的小片段）而变化。平民（n = 996）和警官（n = 744）随机观看其中一段视频，并对警官的表现和反应进行评分。两组人都认为扭打比攻击更合适、更专业。在平民（48.2% vs. 34.1%）和执法样本（66.5% vs. 42.9%）中，格斗警察的表现比打击警察更有可能被评为“优秀”。警察和嫌疑人的种族对判断没有显著影响，尽管警察的评分受到他们是观看完整版还是剪辑版视频的影响。很少有与会者支持对该警官采取纪律处分，但文职人员更有可能建议进行额外培训。总的来说，调查结果表明，人们对警察使用武力的反应在很大程度上取决于武力的外观，而不仅仅是它是否合法，这突出了在公众和专业评估中背景和感知的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Cops and crypto: Law enforcement knowledge, experience, and capacity in cryptocurrency crime 警察和加密：加密货币犯罪的执法知识、经验和能力

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2026-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2026.102596

Chandler G. Robinson , Matthew W. Logan , Brandon C. Dulisse , Nathan T. Connealy

Cryptocurrency presents new challenges for law enforcement, exposing long-standing gaps in financial crime investigation, training, and policy. This study offers early systematic evidence of U.S. law enforcement officers' engagement with digital assets. Using an original Qualtrics survey distributed to police officers, we analyze responses from 104 officers with prior cryptocurrency experience. The survey captures officers' literacy, exposure to scams, and perceptions of departmental preparedness. Quantitative summaries are complemented by qualitative analysis of open-text responses using a hybrid human–LLM conversing framework that ensured transparency and consistency across categories. The results reveal a wide variation in knowledge and confidence, limited institutional readiness, and limited professional capacity to deal with crypto-related crime. Positioned as a descriptive inquiry, the study establishes an empirical baseline for understanding law enforcement's adaptation to emerging financial technologies and complements national assessments identifying similar capability gaps.

加密货币给执法部门带来了新的挑战，暴露了金融犯罪调查、培训和政策方面长期存在的差距。这项研究提供了美国执法人员参与数字资产的早期系统证据。使用分发给警察的原始质量调查，我们分析了104名具有加密货币经验的警察的回答。这项调查反映了官员的文化水平、对诈骗的暴露程度以及对部门准备情况的看法。定量摘要辅以使用混合人-法学硕士对话框架的开放文本响应的定性分析，以确保跨类别的透明度和一致性。结果显示，在处理与加密相关的犯罪方面，人们的知识和信心存在很大差异，机构准备程度有限，专业能力有限。该研究定位为描述性调查，为了解执法部门对新兴金融技术的适应建立了经验基线，并补充了确定类似能力差距的国家评估。

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引用次数: 0

Immigration and serious gang violence: Assessing the immigrant revitalization thesis on urban gang shootings 移民与严重帮派暴力：基于城市帮派枪击事件的移民振兴论文评估

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2026-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2026.102602

Calvin Proffit, John Leverso, Ben Feldmeyer

Over the past few decades, extensive empirical evidence has supported the immigrant revitalization thesis, demonstrating that immigration is often associated with reductions in community crime. However, debate over the relationship between immigration and crime has increasingly grown in public and political discourse with many politicians claiming immigration fuels gang violence. Yet remarkably little research has examined immigration effects on serious gang violence, despite pervasive rhetoric suggesting that immigration adds to gang crime. The current study addresses this gap in the research by examining the association between immigration, fatal, and nonfatal gang shootings across 77 Chicago community areas during the 2010–2021 period, using fixed effects negative binomial models. Findings suggest immigration is unrelated to increasing gang violence in Chicago neighborhoods but serves as a strong protective force against these forms of serious violence when they are unrelated to gang activity. Together, these findings challenge contemporary claims that immigration contributes to serious gang violence and reinforces the importance of distinguishing gang and non-gang violence when evaluating the crime consequences of immigration.

在过去的几十年里，大量的经验证据支持移民振兴理论，表明移民通常与社区犯罪的减少有关。然而，关于移民和犯罪之间关系的辩论在公共和政治话语中日益增长，许多政治家声称移民助长了帮派暴力。然而，引人注目的是，很少有研究调查移民对严重帮派暴力的影响，尽管普遍的言论表明移民增加了帮派犯罪。目前的研究通过使用固定效应负二项模型，研究了2010-2021年期间芝加哥77个社区的移民、致命和非致命帮派枪击事件之间的关系，解决了研究中的这一空白。研究结果表明，移民与芝加哥社区日益增加的帮派暴力无关，但当这些暴力与帮派活动无关时，移民对这些形式的严重暴力起到了强大的保护作用。总之，这些发现挑战了当代关于移民导致严重帮派暴力的说法，并强调了在评估移民犯罪后果时区分帮派暴力和非帮派暴力的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Recalibrating the risk of false confession wrongful convictions: Interrogation tactics and inverse probability 重新调整虚假供述错误定罪的风险：审讯策略和反概率

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2026.102600

Scott M. Mourtgos, Ian T. Adams

False confession wrongful convictions (FCWCs) are a serious failure of the criminal justice system. Although scholars have identified interrogation tactics thought to elevate this risk, existing research rarely estimates the population-level probability that legally permissible methods will produce an FCWC. Instead, inference relies on outcome-selected case series and laboratory diagnosticity ratios that ignore base rates and the far larger universe of interrogations without false confessions. This article offers a methodological recalibration. We formalize the outcome-selection problem and apply inverse probability logic to derive posterior FCWC risk integrating base rates, sensitivity, and specificity. Using Monte Carlo simulation, we synthesize available empirical evidence across a wide parameter space. Across these specifications, median posterior estimates of the probability of a false confession wrongful conviction associated with lawful interrogation tactics cluster near 1 %. We conclude by introducing an Acceptability Curve that clarifies how normative judgments about tolerable error shape policy conclusions.

虚假供述错误定罪是刑事司法系统的一个严重缺陷。虽然学者们已经确定了被认为会增加这种风险的审讯策略，但现有的研究很少估计法律允许的方法产生《公约》的总体概率。相反，推理依赖于结果选择的案例系列和实验室诊断率，而忽略了基本比率和更大范围内没有虚假供词的审讯。本文提供了一种方法上的重新校准。我们将结果选择问题形式化，并应用逆概率逻辑来推导后验FCWC风险，包括基本率、敏感性和特异性。利用蒙特卡罗模拟，我们在一个广泛的参数空间中综合了可用的经验证据。在这些规范中，与合法审讯策略相关的虚假供述错误定罪概率的中位数后验估计接近1%。最后，我们引入了一条可接受曲线，阐明了关于可容忍错误的规范性判断如何影响政策结论。

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引用次数: 0

Police staffing shortages, public awareness, and policy preferences 警力短缺、公众意识和政策偏好

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2026-01-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2026.102599

Hunter M. Boehme , Joshua McCrain , Scott M. Mourtgos , Brandon Tregle

Since the summer of 2020, police agencies across the United States have continued to experience police staffing shortages. The consequences of understaffed police agencies are well studied, but little is known about whether the public is aware of the staffing problem and its consequences for public safety and police behavior. This study presents a pre-registered factorial survey experiment to 3105 US adults, varying the information respondents see on the consequences of staffing shortages (e.g., public safety, police behavior) and the messenger of this information (e.g., police chief, mayor). Respondents are then asked about their levels of concern about police staffing, the downstream consequences of staffing shortages on crime and public safety, and their willingness to pay more taxes to resolve the issue. We find a strong effect of the informational treatments on the public's concern about understaffed police departments and their willingness to pay more taxes, with surprisingly little effect heterogeneity by respondent race and partisanship. Despite well-documented polarized views toward contemporary policing among Americans, we find strong support across partisan and racial dimensions for resolving police staffing shortages. Our findings suggest that voters understand the link between short-staffed police departments and the consequences for public safety, and are even willing to pay more taxes in response. As public opinion is the primary heuristic elected policymakers rely on for forming policy agendas, these results indicate a real opportunity for policy action and proposals. Relevant stakeholders are likely to benefit from being clear about the consequences of understaffing on public safety.

自2020年夏天以来，美国各地的警察机构继续面临警察人员短缺的问题。警察机构人手不足的后果得到了充分的研究，但公众是否意识到人手不足问题及其对公共安全和警察行为的影响却知之甚少。本研究对3105名美国成年人进行了预登记的析因调查实验，改变了受访者对人员短缺后果（例如，公共安全，警察行为）和信息传递者（例如，警察局长，市长）的看法。然后，受访者被问及他们对警察人员配备的关注程度，人员短缺对犯罪和公共安全的下游后果，以及他们是否愿意支付更多的税收来解决这个问题。我们发现，信息处理对公众对人手不足的警察部门的关注和他们支付更多税收的意愿有很强的影响，令人惊讶的是，受调查种族和党派的影响甚微。尽管有充分的证据表明，美国人对当代警务的看法两极分化，但我们发现，在解决警察人员短缺问题上，党派和种族层面都有强有力的支持。我们的研究结果表明，选民明白人手不足的警察部门与公共安全后果之间的联系，甚至愿意为此缴纳更多的税。由于民意是当选决策者形成政策议程的主要启发式依据，因此这些结果表明，政策行动和建议存在真正的机会。相关利益相关者可能会从明确人员不足对公共安全的影响中受益。

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引用次数: 0

On the role of parole candidates' language in parole board hearings 论假释候选人的语言在假释委员会听证会中的作用

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2026.102594

Joachim Büschken , Grant E. Donnelly , Greg M. Allenby , Jeff P. Dotson , Nino Hardt

Granting parole is viewed as a critical element of criminal justice for parole candidates. An emerging stream of research investigates the drivers of parole board decisions with respect to granting versus denying parole, the timing of parole and also recidivism of parole candidates released on parole. Procedurally, a parole suitability hearing is a verbal exchange between the parole board and the parole candidate. In a sense, this hearing provides candidates the opportunity to “present their case” for parole and for the board to obtain information about the candidate that is not available from their case.

Given that the exchange in hearings is verbal, we investigate the influence of the language used by candidates in parole suitability hearings on parole board decisions. We harness the power of large language models such as OpenAI's GPT series of models to augment a variety of characteristics from their speech. We use these characteristics in a model to predict parole board decisions and find that their influence on decisions is significant. We also find that accounting for parole candidate's speech changes the role of other variables (crime, race) which suggests that standard parole prediction models miss a fundamental element of the parole decision making process. Implications and directions for future research and practice are discussed.

假释被视为假释候选人刑事司法的一个关键因素。一个新兴的研究流调查了假释委员会决定的驱动因素，包括批准和拒绝假释，假释的时间和假释候选人的再犯。在程序上，假释适宜性听证会是假释委员会与假释候选人之间的口头交流。从某种意义上说，这次听证会为候选人提供了“陈述他们的案件”以获得假释的机会，并为委员会提供了从他们的案件中无法获得的关于候选人的信息。鉴于听证会上的交流是口头的，我们调查了候选人在假释适用性听证会上使用的语言对假释委员会决定的影响。我们利用大型语言模型的强大功能，例如OpenAI的GPT系列模型来增强其语音的各种特征。我们在一个模型中使用这些特征来预测假释委员会的决定，并发现它们对决定的影响是显著的。我们还发现，考虑到假释候选人的演讲会改变其他变量（犯罪、种族）的作用，这表明标准假释预测模型遗漏了假释决策过程的一个基本要素。讨论了未来研究和实践的意义和方向。

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引用次数: 0

Minority threat and social context: Global value chains and the carceral effect of ethnic polarization in rich democracies 少数民族威胁和社会背景：富裕民主国家的全球价值链和种族两极分化的总体效应

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2026.102595

Manjing Gao , Sharon S. Oselin , Matthew C. Mahutga

Integrating minority threat theory with the political economy of globalization, this study theorizes and empirically tests how macrostructural changes via global value chains (GVCs) shape the carceral consequences of rising ethnic polarization in rich democracies. GVC integration should increase economic insecurity, activate and escalate latent racial and ethnic tensions, intensify dominant groups' perceptions of minority threat, and shift state strategies toward more punitive forms of social control. Thus, ethnic polarization should more strongly increase incarceration rates in countries more deeply integrated into GVCs. Using panel data from 20 countries and fixed-effects models, we examine how GVC integration moderates the relationship between within-country changes in ethnic polarization and incarceration rates. Our findings provide strong evidence that GVC integration amplifies the positive effect of ethnic polarization on incarceration. We conclude by reflecting on the broader implications of these findings for understanding the intersection of globalization, ethnic polarization, and incarceration.

本研究将少数民族威胁理论与全球化的政治经济学相结合，对全球价值链（GVCs）的宏观结构变化如何影响富裕民主国家种族两极分化加剧的严重后果进行了理论分析和实证检验。全球价值链整合会增加经济不安全感，激活和升级潜在的种族和民族紧张关系，强化主导群体对少数民族威胁的感知，并将国家战略转向更具惩罚性的社会控制形式。因此，在更深地融入全球价值链的国家，种族两极分化应该会更强烈地增加监禁率。利用来自20个国家的面板数据和固定效应模型，我们研究了全球价值链整合如何调节国家内部种族极化变化与监禁率之间的关系。我们的研究结果提供了强有力的证据，证明全球价值链整合放大了种族极化对监禁的积极影响。最后，我们反思了这些发现对理解全球化、种族两极化和监禁的交集的更广泛的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to “The effects of youth incarceration in adult institutions on future incarceration” [Journal of Criminal Justice, 98 (2025), 102426.] “青少年在成人机构的监禁对未来监禁的影响”的更正[刑事司法杂志，98(2025),102426]。

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102587

Ian A. Silver , Prarthana Vaidya , John Wooldredge

引用次数: 0

Crime reductions after enhanced implementation of Washington state's domestic violence protection order firearm relinquishment law 在加强实施华盛顿州家庭暴力保护令枪支放弃法后，犯罪率下降

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102591

Alice M. Ellyson , Julie Kafka , Avanti Adhia , Sandra Shanahan , Deirdre Bowen , Ali Rowhani-Rahbar

Federal law and many state laws prohibit certain individuals who are restrained by Domestic Violence Protection Orders (DVPO) from possessing or purchasing a firearm. In addition to reducing the risk of harm to individuals protected by these orders, these laws and their implementation may also help improve public safety. This study examined the impact of enhanced implementation of Washington state's law requiring firearm relinquishment by individuals restrained by DVPOs on subsequent alleged criminal behavior. We assessed efforts of the Regional Domestic Violence Firearms Enforcement Unit (RDVFEU), a regional unit that investigates high risk firearm cases, including civil protection orders that require the restrained person to relinquish firearms with a primary goal of harm reduction in this context. The unit does outreach to protected parties, conducts threat assessments, shares relevant information with law enforcement to ensure swift follow up, resolves issues on court orders, and provides comprehensive firearm access and possession information to relevant courts. We examined the effect of the unit on crime, measured using arrests for reported crimes as a proxy for actual crime, for each restrained person by deterministically and probabilistically linking individuals to statewide administrative criminal history data. We used an intent-to-treat design to compare both incidence and severity of crime committed by restrained individuals in the 24 months following DVPO issuance by estimating Cox proportional hazard regressions, competing events regressions, and Winratio tests. We found the work of the RDVFEU related to Washington's firearm relinquishment law reduced crime among DVPO respondents by 27 percentage points. RDVFEU implementation also contributed to reductions in the severity of crimes when they occurred.

联邦法律和许多州法律禁止某些受家庭暴力保护令（DVPO）限制的个人拥有或购买枪支。除了减少受这些命令保护的个人受到伤害的风险外，这些法律及其实施也可能有助于改善公共安全。这项研究调查了华盛顿州法律的加强实施对被dvpo限制的个人放弃枪支的影响，对随后的涉嫌犯罪行为。我们评估了区域家庭暴力枪支执法单位（RDVFEU）的努力，这是一个调查高风险枪支案件的区域单位，包括民事保护令，要求受限制的人放弃枪支，在这种情况下，主要目标是减少伤害。该部门与受保护的各方进行联系，进行威胁评估，与执法部门分享相关信息，以确保迅速跟进，解决法院命令问题，并向相关法院提供全面的枪支获取和持有信息。我们检查了该单位对犯罪的影响，用逮捕报告的犯罪作为实际犯罪的代理来衡量，每个被限制的人通过确定性和概率性地将个人与全州的行政犯罪历史数据联系起来。我们采用意向治疗设计，通过估计Cox比例风险回归、竞争事件回归和Winratio检验，比较DVPO签发后24个月内受约束个体的犯罪发生率和严重程度。我们发现，RDVFEU与华盛顿枪支放弃法相关的工作使DVPO受访者的犯罪率降低了27个百分点。在犯罪发生时，实施该措施也有助于减少犯罪的严重程度。

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引用次数: 0

Assessing judicial responses of judges to stalking in South Korea: A focal concerns perspective 评估韩国法官对跟踪行为的司法反应：焦点关注视角

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102593

Hyeseon Noh , Soojung Lee , John Burrow

Stalking did not attract much attention in South Korea until two homicides motivated by stalking occurred in 2016 and 2021. These two events spurred calls for anti-stalking legislation that would better protect victims. With the passage of the Act on the Punishment of Crime of Stalking in 2021 (the Act), South Korea took an important step forward. However, we have no knowledge of its effectiveness. This study attempts to fill gaps in our knowledge about stalking by focusing on defendants who have been adjudicated and found guilty in the District Court of South Korea. Through the focal concerns theoretical lens, we examine 465 stalking cases adjudicated by the District Court of South Korea to better understand the sentencing outcomes of stalking defendants. The findings suggest District Court judges are equally likely to use incarceration for both idiosyncratic and spatial stalking cases. Several important legal and theoretical considerations will be discussed.

在2016年和2021年发生两起由跟踪引起的凶杀案之前，跟踪在韩国并没有引起太多关注。这两起事件促使人们呼吁制定反跟踪立法，以更好地保护受害者。韩国在2021年通过了《跟踪犯罪处罚法》（以下简称《法》），迈出了重要的一步。然而，我们不知道它的有效性。本研究试图通过关注在韩国地方法院被判有罪的被告来填补我们对跟踪的知识空白。本文通过焦点关注的理论视角，分析了韩国地方法院审理的465起缠扰案件，以期更好地理解缠扰被告的量刑结果。调查结果表明，地方法院法官同样可能对特殊和空间跟踪案件使用监禁。将讨论几个重要的法律和理论问题。

引用次数: 0