Journal of Criminal Justice最新文献

Crime reductions after enhanced implementation of Washington state's domestic violence protection order firearm relinquishment law 在加强实施华盛顿州家庭暴力保护令枪支放弃法后，犯罪率下降

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102591

Alice M. Ellyson , Julie Kafka , Avanti Adhia , Sandra Shanahan , Deirdre Bowen , Ali Rowhani-Rahbar

Federal law and many state laws prohibit certain individuals who are restrained by Domestic Violence Protection Orders (DVPO) from possessing or purchasing a firearm. In addition to reducing the risk of harm to individuals protected by these orders, these laws and their implementation may also help improve public safety. This study examined the impact of enhanced implementation of Washington state's law requiring firearm relinquishment by individuals restrained by DVPOs on subsequent alleged criminal behavior. We assessed efforts of the Regional Domestic Violence Firearms Enforcement Unit (RDVFEU), a regional unit that investigates high risk firearm cases, including civil protection orders that require the restrained person to relinquish firearms with a primary goal of harm reduction in this context. The unit does outreach to protected parties, conducts threat assessments, shares relevant information with law enforcement to ensure swift follow up, resolves issues on court orders, and provides comprehensive firearm access and possession information to relevant courts. We examined the effect of the unit on crime, measured using arrests for reported crimes as a proxy for actual crime, for each restrained person by deterministically and probabilistically linking individuals to statewide administrative criminal history data. We used an intent-to-treat design to compare both incidence and severity of crime committed by restrained individuals in the 24 months following DVPO issuance by estimating Cox proportional hazard regressions, competing events regressions, and Winratio tests. We found the work of the RDVFEU related to Washington's firearm relinquishment law reduced crime among DVPO respondents by 27 percentage points. RDVFEU implementation also contributed to reductions in the severity of crimes when they occurred.

联邦法律和许多州法律禁止某些受家庭暴力保护令（DVPO）限制的个人拥有或购买枪支。除了减少受这些命令保护的个人受到伤害的风险外，这些法律及其实施也可能有助于改善公共安全。这项研究调查了华盛顿州法律的加强实施对被dvpo限制的个人放弃枪支的影响，对随后的涉嫌犯罪行为。我们评估了区域家庭暴力枪支执法单位（RDVFEU）的努力，这是一个调查高风险枪支案件的区域单位，包括民事保护令，要求受限制的人放弃枪支，在这种情况下，主要目标是减少伤害。该部门与受保护的各方进行联系，进行威胁评估，与执法部门分享相关信息，以确保迅速跟进，解决法院命令问题，并向相关法院提供全面的枪支获取和持有信息。我们检查了该单位对犯罪的影响，用逮捕报告的犯罪作为实际犯罪的代理来衡量，每个被限制的人通过确定性和概率性地将个人与全州的行政犯罪历史数据联系起来。我们采用意向治疗设计，通过估计Cox比例风险回归、竞争事件回归和Winratio检验，比较DVPO签发后24个月内受约束个体的犯罪发生率和严重程度。我们发现，RDVFEU与华盛顿枪支放弃法相关的工作使DVPO受访者的犯罪率降低了27个百分点。在犯罪发生时，实施该措施也有助于减少犯罪的严重程度。

{"title":"Crime reductions after enhanced implementation of Washington state's domestic violence protection order firearm relinquishment law","authors":"Alice M. Ellyson , Julie Kafka , Avanti Adhia , Sandra Shanahan , Deirdre Bowen , Ali Rowhani-Rahbar","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102591","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102591","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Federal law and many state laws prohibit certain individuals who are restrained by Domestic Violence Protection Orders (DVPO) from possessing or purchasing a firearm. In addition to reducing the risk of harm to individuals protected by these orders, these laws and their implementation may also help improve public safety. This study examined the impact of enhanced implementation of Washington state's law requiring firearm relinquishment by individuals restrained by DVPOs on subsequent alleged criminal behavior. We assessed efforts of the Regional Domestic Violence Firearms Enforcement Unit (RDVFEU), a regional unit that investigates high risk firearm cases, including civil protection orders that require the restrained person to relinquish firearms with a primary goal of harm reduction in this context. The unit does outreach to protected parties, conducts threat assessments, shares relevant information with law enforcement to ensure swift follow up, resolves issues on court orders, and provides comprehensive firearm access and possession information to relevant courts. We examined the effect of the unit on crime, measured using arrests for reported crimes as a proxy for actual crime, for each restrained person by deterministically and probabilistically linking individuals to statewide administrative criminal history data. We used an intent-to-treat design to compare both incidence and severity of crime committed by restrained individuals in the 24 months following DVPO issuance by estimating Cox proportional hazard regressions, competing events regressions, and Winratio tests. We found the work of the RDVFEU related to Washington's firearm relinquishment law reduced crime among DVPO respondents by 27 percentage points. RDVFEU implementation also contributed to reductions in the severity of crimes when they occurred.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102591"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145975864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Assessing judicial responses of judges to stalking in South Korea: A focal concerns perspective 评估韩国法官对跟踪行为的司法反应：焦点关注视角

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102593

Hyeseon Noh , Soojung Lee , John Burrow

Stalking did not attract much attention in South Korea until two homicides motivated by stalking occurred in 2016 and 2021. These two events spurred calls for anti-stalking legislation that would better protect victims. With the passage of the Act on the Punishment of Crime of Stalking in 2021 (the Act), South Korea took an important step forward. However, we have no knowledge of its effectiveness. This study attempts to fill gaps in our knowledge about stalking by focusing on defendants who have been adjudicated and found guilty in the District Court of South Korea. Through the focal concerns theoretical lens, we examine 465 stalking cases adjudicated by the District Court of South Korea to better understand the sentencing outcomes of stalking defendants. The findings suggest District Court judges are equally likely to use incarceration for both idiosyncratic and spatial stalking cases. Several important legal and theoretical considerations will be discussed.

在2016年和2021年发生两起由跟踪引起的凶杀案之前，跟踪在韩国并没有引起太多关注。这两起事件促使人们呼吁制定反跟踪立法，以更好地保护受害者。韩国在2021年通过了《跟踪犯罪处罚法》（以下简称《法》），迈出了重要的一步。然而，我们不知道它的有效性。本研究试图通过关注在韩国地方法院被判有罪的被告来填补我们对跟踪的知识空白。本文通过焦点关注的理论视角，分析了韩国地方法院审理的465起缠扰案件，以期更好地理解缠扰被告的量刑结果。调查结果表明，地方法院法官同样可能对特殊和空间跟踪案件使用监禁。将讨论几个重要的法律和理论问题。

引用次数: 0

Through the survivor’s lens: How focal concerns theory shapes decisions to report sexual violence 通过幸存者的镜头：焦点关注理论如何影响报告性暴力的决定

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102583

B.L. Acquaviva , C.L. Gullion , K.A. Meeker , A.D. Garza

Sexual violence remains one of the most underreported crimes, with survivors often facing disbelief, blame, and systemic barriers when considering disclosure to formal authorities. While focal concerns theory (FCT) has been widely applied to understand legal actors' decision-making, little is known about how survivors themselves perceive these focal concerns and how such perceptions shape reporting decisions. This study addresses this gap by examining the perspectives of female survivors of sexual violence in the United States. Drawing on 58 semi-structured interviews, a phenomenological approach was employed to explore survivors' interpretations of the three core components of FCT—blameworthiness, community protection, practical constraints, and perceptual shorthand. Findings highlight that survivors frequently internalized concerns related to blameworthiness. Additionally, participants cited community protection as a motivator, particularly the desire to prevent future harm, while practical constraints such as fear of secondary victimization, financial and logistical burdens, and mistrust of police further deterred reporting. These findings lend support for the FCT by demonstrating its extended use to explore survivor decision making. Finally, theoretical and practical implications are further discussed.

性暴力仍然是最未被报道的犯罪之一，幸存者在考虑向正式当局披露时往往面临怀疑、指责和系统性障碍。虽然焦点关注理论（FCT）已被广泛应用于理解法律行为者的决策，但人们对幸存者自己如何看待这些焦点关注以及这些感知如何影响报告决策知之甚少。本研究通过考察美国性暴力女性幸存者的观点来解决这一差距。利用58个半结构化访谈，采用现象学方法来探索幸存者对fct责备性、社区保护、实际约束和感知速记的三个核心组成部分的解释。研究结果强调，幸存者经常将与受责备有关的担忧内化。此外，与会者指出，社区保护是一个激励因素，特别是防止未来伤害的愿望，而诸如担心第二次受害、财政和后勤负担以及对警察的不信任等实际限制因素进一步阻碍了报告。这些发现通过证明FCT在探索幸存者决策方面的广泛应用，为FCT提供了支持。最后，进一步讨论了理论和实践意义。

{"title":"Through the survivor’s lens: How focal concerns theory shapes decisions to report sexual violence","authors":"B.L. Acquaviva , C.L. Gullion , K.A. Meeker , A.D. Garza","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102583","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102583","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sexual violence remains one of the most underreported crimes, with survivors often facing disbelief, blame, and systemic barriers when considering disclosure to formal authorities. While focal concerns theory (FCT) has been widely applied to understand legal actors' decision-making, little is known about how survivors themselves perceive these focal concerns and how such perceptions shape reporting decisions. This study addresses this gap by examining the perspectives of female survivors of sexual violence in the United States. Drawing on 58 semi-structured interviews, a phenomenological approach was employed to explore survivors' interpretations of the three core components of FCT—blameworthiness, community protection, practical constraints, and perceptual shorthand. Findings highlight that survivors frequently internalized concerns related to blameworthiness. Additionally, participants cited community protection as a motivator, particularly the desire to prevent future harm, while practical constraints such as fear of secondary victimization, financial and logistical burdens, and mistrust of police further deterred reporting. These findings lend support for the FCT by demonstrating its extended use to explore survivor decision making. Finally, theoretical and practical implications are further discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102583"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145883608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Criminal legal sanctions and the false dichotomy between deterrence and rehabilitation: Implications for sentencing research and policy 刑事法律制裁和威慑与改造之间的错误二分法：对量刑研究和政策的影响

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-12-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102590

Daniel P. Mears , Mark C. Stafford

Objectives: Criminal justice policy has historically swung between punitive, deterrence-focused and rehabilitation-focused sentencing. Research has reinforced the notion that the two constitute polar ends of a spectrum. This paper seeks to contribute to sentencing scholarship aimed at understanding the nature and effects of legal sanctions. Specifically, we argue that the deterrence-rehabilitation dichotomy is false and that recognizing how the two are distinct yet intertwined both theoretically and, in many cases, in practice, has substantial relevance for accurate interpretation of research and for designing and evaluating policy.

Methods: We detail how all legal sanctions entail deterrence and rehabilitation logics. This includes describing the theoretical connections between the two and the potential for each in practice to activate mechanisms associated with the other. Next, we extend the argument to highlight critical challenges in interpreting research on deterrence and rehabilitation. Then we present implications for research and policy that flow from more precise theoretical understanding of the causal logic of sanctions.

Results: Interpretations of research, as well as policy, that assume an absolute difference between deterrence and rehabilitation may generate incorrect conclusions about explanations for sanction effects and implications for theory and policy.

Conclusions: Greater precision is needed in describing legal sanctions and the mechanisms through which they affect criminal behavior. Doing so can improve the interpretability of research and inform the design of criminal legal sanctions to more effectively reduce offending.

目标：刑事司法政策历来在惩罚性、以威慑为重点和以改造为重点的量刑之间摇摆。研究强化了这一概念，即两者构成了一个光谱的两极。本文旨在促进旨在理解法律制裁的性质和影响的量刑学术。具体地说，我们认为威慑与康复的二分法是错误的，认识到这两者在理论上是不同的，但在许多情况下，在实践中是相互交织的，这对于准确解释研究以及设计和评估政策具有重要意义。方法：我们详细说明了所有法律制裁如何涉及威慑和康复逻辑。这包括描述两者之间的理论联系，以及在实践中每一个激活与另一个相关的机制的潜力。接下来，我们将扩展论点，以突出解释威慑和康复研究的关键挑战。然后，我们提出了对制裁因果逻辑的更精确的理论理解对研究和政策的影响。结果：假设威慑和康复之间存在绝对差异，对研究和政策的解释可能会对制裁效果的解释以及对理论和政策的影响产生不正确的结论。结论：需要更精确地描述法律制裁及其影响犯罪行为的机制。这样做可以提高研究的可解释性，并为刑事法律制裁的设计提供信息，以更有效地减少犯罪。

{"title":"Criminal legal sanctions and the false dichotomy between deterrence and rehabilitation: Implications for sentencing research and policy","authors":"Daniel P. Mears , Mark C. Stafford","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102590","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102590","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Objectives: Criminal justice policy has historically swung between punitive, deterrence-focused and rehabilitation-focused sentencing. Research has reinforced the notion that the two constitute polar ends of a spectrum. This paper seeks to contribute to sentencing scholarship aimed at understanding the nature and effects of legal sanctions. Specifically, we argue that the deterrence-rehabilitation dichotomy is false and that recognizing how the two are distinct yet intertwined both theoretically and, in many cases, in practice, has substantial relevance for accurate interpretation of research and for designing and evaluating policy.</div><div>Methods: We detail how all legal sanctions entail deterrence and rehabilitation logics. This includes describing the theoretical connections between the two and the potential for each in practice to activate mechanisms associated with the other. Next, we extend the argument to highlight critical challenges in interpreting research on deterrence and rehabilitation. Then we present implications for research and policy that flow from more precise theoretical understanding of the causal logic of sanctions.</div><div>Results: Interpretations of research, as well as policy, that assume an absolute difference between deterrence and rehabilitation may generate incorrect conclusions about explanations for sanction effects and implications for theory and policy.</div><div>Conclusions: Greater precision is needed in describing legal sanctions and the mechanisms through which they affect criminal behavior. Doing so can improve the interpretability of research and inform the design of criminal legal sanctions to more effectively reduce offending.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102590"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145839464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

From cartridge cases to spatial patterns: Leveraging NIBIN to identify near-repeat shootings in Detroit 从弹壳到空间模式：利用NIBIN识别底特律几乎重复的枪击事件

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-12-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102588

Alaina De Biasi , Jeff Rojek , Edmund McGarrell

This study uses ballistic evidence entered into the National Integrated Ballistic Information Network (NIBIN) to examine near-repeat shooting patterns in Detroit, Michigan, drawing on 5487 incidents involving the discharge of one or more firearms between January 2021 and October 2022. Conducted within the context of the Detroit Crime Gun Intelligence Center, our study captures a broad view of gun violence, integrates NIBIN linkages to advance understanding of the nature of gun violence, and extends analysis beyond dyads to multi-incident shooting chains. To this end, we applied the Knox test to identify near-repeat patterns and then grouped shooting incidents into chains based on their spatiotemporal proximity. We used multinomial and mixed-effects logistic regression to distinguish between the observed patterns. Our results show that gun violence in Detroit clusters tightly in space and time and is linked to high-risk places as well as circulating, multi-use crime guns. We discuss the implications of these findings for guiding law enforcement in developing integrated strategies that combine place-based and network-focused interventions to prevent and reduce gun violence in communities.

这项研究使用了进入国家综合弹道信息网络（NIBIN）的弹道证据，研究了密歇根州底特律市的近重复射击模式，借鉴了2021年1月至2022年10月期间涉及一支或多支枪支发射的5487起事件。在底特律犯罪枪支情报中心的背景下进行，我们的研究捕获了枪支暴力的广泛观点，整合了NIBIN联系，以推进对枪支暴力本质的理解，并将分析扩展到多事件射击链。为此，我们应用Knox测试来识别近重复模式，然后根据其时空接近度将射击事件分组为链。我们使用多项和混合效应逻辑回归来区分观察到的模式。我们的研究结果表明，底特律的枪支暴力在空间和时间上紧密地聚集在一起，与高风险地区以及流通的多用途犯罪枪支有关。我们讨论了这些发现对指导执法部门制定综合战略的影响，这些战略结合了基于地点和以网络为重点的干预措施，以预防和减少社区中的枪支暴力。

{"title":"From cartridge cases to spatial patterns: Leveraging NIBIN to identify near-repeat shootings in Detroit","authors":"Alaina De Biasi , Jeff Rojek , Edmund McGarrell","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102588","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102588","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study uses ballistic evidence entered into the National Integrated Ballistic Information Network (NIBIN) to examine near-repeat shooting patterns in Detroit, Michigan, drawing on 5487 incidents involving the discharge of one or more firearms between January 2021 and October 2022. Conducted within the context of the Detroit Crime Gun Intelligence Center, our study captures a broad view of gun violence, integrates NIBIN linkages to advance understanding of the nature of gun violence, and extends analysis beyond dyads to multi-incident shooting chains. To this end, we applied the Knox test to identify near-repeat patterns and then grouped shooting incidents into chains based on their spatiotemporal proximity. We used multinomial and mixed-effects logistic regression to distinguish between the observed patterns. Our results show that gun violence in Detroit clusters tightly in space and time and is linked to high-risk places as well as circulating, multi-use crime guns. We discuss the implications of these findings for guiding law enforcement in developing integrated strategies that combine place-based and network-focused interventions to prevent and reduce gun violence in communities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102588"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145839465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Do interactions with the police correlate with identity formation? Examining the relationship between police legitimacy, procedural justice, and self-identification over time 与警察的互动是否与身份形成有关？考察警察合法性、程序正义和自我认同之间的关系

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-12-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102589

Qassim Bolaji , Christi Metcalfe

The main goal of this study is to explore the temporal relationship between procedural justice, legitimacy, and self-identification. More specifically, we anticipated that changes in procedural justice and legitimacy perceptions may be linked to changes in various aspects of self-identification and criminal cognition over time, including moral disengagement, perceived personal rewards of crime, prosocial aspirations, and self-esteem. A consideration of this interrelationship is relevant given that changes in the cognition and self-identification of offenders often accompany desistance from crime. Relying on data from the Pathways to Desistance study, the current project adopted a longitudinal approach to investigate how within-individual changes in police legitimacy and procedural justice are tied to changes in self-identification among a sample of serious offenders. Results showed that positive changes in legitimacy attitudes and procedural justice were related to prosocial changes in self-identification and cognition These results matter for better understanding the role that legal attitudes and police-citizen interactions play in how offenders think about themselves and the law.

本研究的主要目的是探讨程序正义、合法性与自我认同之间的时间关系。更具体地说，我们预计，随着时间的推移，程序正义和合法性观念的变化可能与自我认同和犯罪认知的各个方面的变化有关，包括道德脱离、对犯罪的个人回报的感知、亲社会愿望和自尊。考虑到罪犯的认知和自我认同的变化往往伴随着犯罪的停止，对这种相互关系的考虑是相关的。根据“停止途径”研究的数据，当前的项目采用纵向方法来调查警察合法性和程序正义的个人内部变化如何与严重罪犯样本中自我认同的变化联系在一起。结果表明，合法性态度和程序正义的积极变化与自我认同和认知的亲社会变化有关，这些结果有助于更好地理解法律态度和警察-公民互动在罪犯如何看待自己和法律方面的作用。

{"title":"Do interactions with the police correlate with identity formation? Examining the relationship between police legitimacy, procedural justice, and self-identification over time","authors":"Qassim Bolaji , Christi Metcalfe","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102589","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102589","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The main goal of this study is to explore the temporal relationship between procedural justice, legitimacy, and self-identification. More specifically, we anticipated that changes in procedural justice and legitimacy perceptions may be linked to changes in various aspects of self-identification and criminal cognition over time, including moral disengagement, perceived personal rewards of crime, prosocial aspirations, and self-esteem. A consideration of this interrelationship is relevant given that changes in the cognition and self-identification of offenders often accompany desistance from crime. Relying on data from the Pathways to Desistance study, the current project adopted a longitudinal approach to investigate how within-individual changes in police legitimacy and procedural justice are tied to changes in self-identification among a sample of serious offenders. Results showed that positive changes in legitimacy attitudes and procedural justice were related to prosocial changes in self-identification and cognition These results matter for better understanding the role that legal attitudes and police-citizen interactions play in how offenders think about themselves and the law.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102589"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145839466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Police bias units and hate crime reporting: Insights from the geocoded version of the National Crime Victimization Survey 警察偏见单位和仇恨犯罪报告：来自国家犯罪受害调查地理编码版本的见解

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-12-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102581

Sylwia J. Piatkowska, Brendan Lantz, Jack M. Mills

This study examines the role of police bias units as a factor in hate crime reporting. We use a series of survey logistic regression models to analyze a restricted version of the National Crime Victimization Survey, which we merge with data on the presence of police bias units. The results indicate that the greater presence of police bias units is positively associated with an increased likelihood of hate crime reporting. Notably, with an initial increase in police bias units, hate crime victimization aligns more closely with official hate crime statistics. The effect of police bias units is also conditioned by community characteristics. These findings carry important policy implications, underscoring the vital role of police bias units in enhancing hate crime reporting and identifying communities where their effects are most pronounced.

本研究考察了警察偏见单位在仇恨犯罪报告中的作用。我们使用一系列调查逻辑回归模型来分析国家犯罪受害调查的限制版本，我们将其与警察偏见单位存在的数据合并。结果表明，警察偏见单位的存在与仇恨犯罪报告的可能性增加呈正相关。值得注意的是，随着警察偏见单位的最初增加，仇恨犯罪受害情况与官方仇恨犯罪统计数据更加吻合。警察偏见单位的效果也受到社区特征的制约。这些发现具有重要的政策意义，强调了警察偏见部门在加强仇恨犯罪报告和确定其影响最明显的社区方面的重要作用。

引用次数: 0

Does carnival contribute to crime? Examining the spatiotemporal effects of Mardi Gras on New Orleans Crime Trends (2012–2024) 嘉年华会助长犯罪吗？狂欢节对新奥尔良犯罪趋势的时空影响研究（2012-2024）

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102580

Nick Petersen , Patrick Rafail , Xiaojin Chen

While criminologists have long been interested in how crime varies across space and time, only recently have studies examined how these dynamics intersect to shape crime patterns surrounding mega public events and venues, such as sporting events or concerts. Although this research has generated critical insights into crime patterns surrounding somewhat temporally and geographically discrete public events, we know less about how long-lasting and more spatially distributed public events that draw in droves of tourists to a city, such as Carnival in New Orleans, influence crime. Drawing on routine activities and crime-pattern theories, we use Carnival in New Orleans as a case study for larger issues of crime, tourism, and public events. Employing negative binomial regressions to analyze publicly available data, we assess the temporal (parade days) and spatial (distance to parade routes) effects of Carnival season on daily neighborhood crime patterns from 2012 to 2024 (N = 1,364,330). Compared to non-parade days or parade days earlier in the Carnival season, estimates reveal significant increases in crime rates during Mardi Gras weekend when tourists most often visit New Orleans, particularly in neighborhoods closest to parade routes. Conversely, crime is displaced in New Orleans during Mardi Gras weekend, with neighborhoods farther from parade routes experiencing significant declines in crime. These findings have important theoretical and policy implications for our understanding of crime and mega public events/venues, highlighting the role of tourism in shaping spatiotemporal crime trends.

虽然犯罪学家长期以来一直对犯罪在空间和时间上的变化感兴趣，但直到最近才有研究调查这些动态是如何交叉影响大型公共活动和场所（如体育赛事或音乐会）周围的犯罪模式的。尽管这项研究对围绕在某种时间上和地理上离散的公共活动的犯罪模式产生了重要的见解，但我们对吸引成群结队的游客到一个城市的公共活动（如新奥尔良的狂欢节）如何影响犯罪所知甚少。根据日常活动和犯罪模式理论，我们将新奥尔良狂欢节作为犯罪、旅游和公共活动等更大问题的案例研究。采用负二项回归分析公开数据，我们评估了2012年至2024年嘉年华季节对社区日常犯罪模式的时间（游行天数）和空间（到游行路线的距离）影响（N = 1,364,330）。据估计，与狂欢节期间的非游行日或游行提前几天相比，狂欢节期间的犯罪率显著上升，这是游客最常访问新奥尔良的时候，尤其是在离游行路线最近的社区。相反，在狂欢节周末期间，新奥尔良的犯罪活动被转移，远离游行路线的社区犯罪率显著下降。这些发现对我们理解犯罪和大型公共活动/场所具有重要的理论和政策意义，突出了旅游业在塑造时空犯罪趋势方面的作用。

{"title":"Does carnival contribute to crime? Examining the spatiotemporal effects of Mardi Gras on New Orleans Crime Trends (2012–2024)","authors":"Nick Petersen , Patrick Rafail , Xiaojin Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102580","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102580","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While criminologists have long been interested in how crime varies across space and time, only recently have studies examined how these dynamics intersect to shape crime patterns surrounding mega public events and venues, such as sporting events or concerts. Although this research has generated critical insights into crime patterns surrounding somewhat temporally and geographically discrete public events, we know less about how long-lasting and more spatially distributed public events that draw in droves of tourists to a city, such as Carnival in New Orleans, influence crime. Drawing on routine activities and crime-pattern theories, we use Carnival in New Orleans as a case study for larger issues of crime, tourism, and public events. Employing negative binomial regressions to analyze publicly available data, we assess the temporal (parade days) and spatial (distance to parade routes) effects of Carnival season on daily neighborhood crime patterns from 2012 to 2024 (<em>N</em> = 1,364,330). Compared to non-parade days or parade days earlier in the Carnival season, estimates reveal significant increases in crime rates during Mardi Gras weekend when tourists most often visit New Orleans, particularly in neighborhoods closest to parade routes. Conversely, crime is displaced in New Orleans during Mardi Gras weekend, with neighborhoods farther from parade routes experiencing significant declines in crime. These findings have important theoretical and policy implications for our understanding of crime and mega public events/venues, highlighting the role of tourism in shaping spatiotemporal crime trends.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102580"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145790223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Safe in segregation? Prison officers' perceptions of safety in solitary confinement 隔离安全吗？监狱官员对单独监禁的安全感

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102585

Samantha S. Plummer

Research on solitary confinement foregrounds its deleterious effects on incarcerated people's mental and physical health. Little research, by contrast, has examined the experiences of prison staff who work in solitary confinement units and whose use of discretion largely determines the quality of life for people held there. This article explores how a non-representative sample of 21 officers who work in solitary confinement units in a large maximum-security prison experience and understand their work. I find that this sample of officers prefers working in solitary confinement to general population because they view it as safer. Treating safety as multi-faceted and inclusive of matters of health and stress, I analyze which elements of safety officers emphasize and which they minimize as well as the implications of their orientations to safety for incarcerated people. I find that officers highlight how the isolation and incapacitation of incarcerated people in solitary confinement lessen their fears of physical violence. Yet, these conditions also threaten officers' safety by exposing them to health hazards and forcing incarcerated people into an extremely dependent state that is a source of conflict, potential violence, and stress. When conflicts do arise, officers tend to blame them on upper managements' attempts to ameliorate some of the pains of imprisonment. Together, these findings suggest that the same conditions that lead to harm and distress for staff and incarcerated people alike, also seem to be why officers who work in solitary confinement units prefer to do so.

对单独监禁的研究揭示了其对被监禁者身心健康的有害影响。相比之下，很少有研究调查在单独监禁单位工作的监狱工作人员的经历，他们的自由裁量权的使用在很大程度上决定了在那里被关押的人的生活质量。本文探讨了21名在大型最高安全监狱单独监禁单元工作的警官的非代表性样本，他们如何体验和理解他们的工作。我发现这些警官更喜欢在单独监禁中工作而不是在普通人群中因为他们认为这样更安全。将安全视为多方面的，包括健康和压力问题，我分析了安全官员强调哪些因素，最小化哪些因素，以及他们对被监禁人员安全取向的影响。我发现，官员们强调，被单独监禁的人被隔离和丧失行为能力，减轻了他们对身体暴力的恐惧。然而，这些条件也威胁到警察的安全，使他们面临健康危害，迫使被监禁的人处于一种极度依赖的状态，这是冲突、潜在暴力和压力的来源。当冲突发生时，警官们倾向于将其归咎于上级管理人员试图减轻监禁带来的一些痛苦。综上所述，这些发现表明，导致工作人员和被监禁者受到伤害和痛苦的相同条件，似乎也是在单独监禁单位工作的官员更愿意这样做的原因。

{"title":"Safe in segregation? Prison officers' perceptions of safety in solitary confinement","authors":"Samantha S. Plummer","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102585","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102585","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Research on solitary confinement foregrounds its deleterious effects on incarcerated people's mental and physical health. Little research, by contrast, has examined the experiences of prison staff who work in solitary confinement units and whose use of discretion largely determines the quality of life for people held there. This article explores how a non-representative sample of 21 officers who work in solitary confinement units in a large maximum-security prison experience and understand their work. I find that this sample of officers prefers working in solitary confinement to general population because they view it as safer. Treating safety as multi-faceted and inclusive of matters of health and stress, I analyze which elements of safety officers emphasize and which they minimize as well as the implications of their orientations to safety for incarcerated people. I find that officers highlight how the isolation and incapacitation of incarcerated people in solitary confinement lessen their fears of physical violence. Yet, these conditions also threaten officers' safety by exposing them to health hazards and forcing incarcerated people into an extremely dependent state that is a source of conflict, potential violence, and stress. When conflicts do arise, officers tend to blame them on upper managements' attempts to ameliorate some of the pains of imprisonment. Together, these findings suggest that the same conditions that lead to harm and distress for staff and incarcerated people alike, also seem to be why officers who work in solitary confinement units prefer to do so.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102585"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145790221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Generalists or specialists? Unpacking crime trajectories of intimate partner violence offenders 通才还是专才？剖析亲密伴侣暴力犯罪者的犯罪轨迹

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-12-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102584

Jorge Rodríguez-Menés , Dimitris Pavlopoulos , Martí Rovira , Maike van Damme

This study examines the heterogeneity of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) perpetrators by distinguishing IPV specialists, whose violence is limited to partners, from IPV generalists, who also target non-partners, and comparing both to non-IPV violent offenders. Using comprehensive administrative records from Catalonia, we analyzed the complete criminal histories (1990–2019) of all individuals convicted of IPV between 2010 and 2015, alongside a 10 % sample of non-IPV violent offenders. A strict definition classified only one-quarter of IPV offenders as generalists, highlighting the impact of definitional choices on prevalence and offender profiles. Trajectory analyses identified five patterns of violent offending. IPV specialists were concentrated in late-onset, low-rate, short-duration trajectories, consistent with situational, relationship-bound violence. IPV generalists were more likely to follow early-onset, high-rate, long-duration trajectories resembling chronic violent offenders, but increasingly focused on partners with age. Differences in trajectories were only modestly explained by prior non-violent offending, suggesting that antisocial predispositions shape the target of violence more than its developmental pattern. Gender did not influence trajectory prevalence but strongly predicted the likelihood of targeting partners versus others, reflecting the interaction of patriarchal norms, situational factors, and individual predispositions in differentiating IPV specialists and generalists from other violent offenders. Overall, IPV perpetrators are heterogeneous in trajectories, offence patterns, persistence, and gender, underscoring the value of integrating typological and developmental perspectives and informing differentiated, context-sensitive interventions.

本研究通过区分亲密伴侣暴力专家（其暴力仅限于伴侣）和亲密伴侣暴力通才（其也针对非伴侣），并将两者与非亲密伴侣暴力犯罪者进行比较，研究了亲密伴侣暴力（IPV）犯罪者的异质性。利用加泰罗尼亚的综合行政记录，我们分析了2010年至2015年期间所有被判IPV罪的人的完整犯罪历史（1990年至2019年），以及10%的非IPV暴力犯罪者样本。一个严格的定义将只有四分之一的IPV罪犯归类为多面手，突出了定义选择对患病率和罪犯概况的影响。轨迹分析确定了暴力犯罪的五种模式。IPV专家集中于晚发性、低发生率、短持续时间的轨迹，与情境性、关系性暴力相一致。IPV多面手更有可能遵循早发、高发生率、持续时间长的轨迹，类似于慢性暴力犯罪者，但越来越多地关注年龄增长的伴侣。轨迹上的差异只能用先前的非暴力犯罪来解释，这表明反社会倾向比其发展模式更能塑造暴力的目标。性别不影响轨迹患病率，但强烈预测了针对伴侣而不是其他人的可能性，反映了父权规范、情境因素和个体倾向在区分IPV专家和通才与其他暴力犯罪者方面的相互作用。总体而言，IPV肇事者在轨迹、犯罪模式、持久性和性别方面都是异质的，这强调了整合类型和发展观点以及提供差异化、情境敏感干预措施的价值。

{"title":"Generalists or specialists? Unpacking crime trajectories of intimate partner violence offenders","authors":"Jorge Rodríguez-Menés , Dimitris Pavlopoulos , Martí Rovira , Maike van Damme","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102584","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102584","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the heterogeneity of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) perpetrators by distinguishing IPV specialists, whose violence is limited to partners, from IPV generalists, who also target non-partners, and comparing both to non-IPV violent offenders. Using comprehensive administrative records from Catalonia, we analyzed the complete criminal histories (1990–2019) of all individuals convicted of IPV between 2010 and 2015, alongside a 10 % sample of non-IPV violent offenders. A strict definition classified only one-quarter of IPV offenders as generalists, highlighting the impact of definitional choices on prevalence and offender profiles. Trajectory analyses identified five patterns of violent offending. IPV specialists were concentrated in late-onset, low-rate, short-duration trajectories, consistent with situational, relationship-bound violence. IPV generalists were more likely to follow early-onset, high-rate, long-duration trajectories resembling chronic violent offenders, but increasingly focused on partners with age. Differences in trajectories were only modestly explained by prior non-violent offending, suggesting that antisocial predispositions shape the target of violence more than its developmental pattern. Gender did not influence trajectory prevalence but strongly predicted the likelihood of targeting partners versus others, reflecting the interaction of patriarchal norms, situational factors, and individual predispositions in differentiating IPV specialists and generalists from other violent offenders. Overall, IPV perpetrators are heterogeneous in trajectories, offence patterns, persistence, and gender, underscoring the value of integrating typological and developmental perspectives and informing differentiated, context-sensitive interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102584"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145790222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0