Journal of Criminal Justice最新文献

英文中文

Differential compliance with the reporting of hate crime statistics as a function of state laws

IF 3.3 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-04-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102415

Matthew Vanden Bosch, Brendan Lantz

Organizational compliance with legislative mandates relies heavily on organizational meaning-making, where organizations determine how to comply – whether “ceremoniously” or in reality – while protecting organizational goals from legislative interference. The present work examines an example of this problem in the form of police compliance with federal hate crime data collection, conceptualizing this problem as a product of the “law-in-between.” Specifically, we focus on how variation in state-level policies impact police compliance with hate crime reporting. Results indicate that state laws can be influential in determining compliance strategies, in some cases decreasing ceremonious reporting behavior. First, we find that the presence of a law reduces the likelihood of ceremonious compliance, but increases non-compliance and true compliance. Second, while compliance strategies were largely unaffected by which groups were included, the inclusion of gender as a protected category was associated with reduced ceremonious compliance. Most importantly, results indicate that the inclusion of mandatory police training in hate crime legislation is associated with increased true compliance, relative to ceremonious compliance and non-compliance, suggesting policy implications for improving reporting. These results have implications for understanding institutional responses to legislative mandates broadly, as well as criminal justice agency responses to crime and hate crimes.

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引用次数: 0

Exploring crime through physical and social neighborhood factors: Greenspace and social disconnection in Los Angeles

IF 3.3 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-04-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102410

James C. Wo , Young-An Kim , Mark T. Berg

Purpose

This study examines how crime varies across Los Angeles census tracts, emphasizing two key neighborhood characteristics: (1) greenspace as a feature of the physical environment and (2) social disconnection as a measure of resident interaction.

Methods

We employ negative binomial regression models to assess the effects of greenspace and social disconnection on violent and property crime. Greenspace is measured using two indicators: the percentage of tree canopy and the percentage of grass within census tracts. These measures are analyzed alongside social disconnection and additional neighborhood characteristics.

Results

Findings indicate that both tree canopy and grass are associated with lower counts of violent and property crimes. In contrast, social disconnection does not demonstrate a significant relationship with either crime outcome. Additionally, the crime-reducing effect of tree canopy is most pronounced in neighborhoods with high levels of poverty, highlighting the role of socioeconomic conditions in shaping its impact.

Conclusion

The findings support routine activities theory and opportunity perspectives, as greenspace effects—most notably for tree canopy—were not only statistically significant but also substantial compared to other common predictors of crime. Given its crime-reducing potential, policymakers may consider greenspace as a strategy for “designing out crime” through urban planning.

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引用次数: 0

Case dismissal and noncarceral sentences: High volume, low visibility decision-making in a large urban court

IF 3.3 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-04-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102411

Richard D. Hartley, Marie Skubak Tillyer, Brandon Tregle, Michael R. Smith

While research on court outcomes has proliferated in the last half century, advancing knowledge of courtroom actor decision-making practices, gaps in understanding still exist in the criminal case processing literature. One of these areas relates to low visibility decisions by prosecutors to dismiss cases; another concerns sentencing outcomes at the county level where judges have wider discretion to impose noncarceral punishments. The current study examines prosecutorial decisions to dismiss cases, and judicial decisions to sentence defendants to probation, or deferred adjudication in a large urban county over a 6-year period (2017 to 2022). Results from multivariate models reveal that legal, extra-legal, and case processing factors were associated with dismissals and non-incarceration. We discuss the implications of these findings for case processing at the local level and current knowledge of courtroom actor discretion regarding high volume, low visibility decisions.

在过去的半个世纪中，有关法庭结果的研究如雨后春笋般涌现，增进了人们对法庭行为人决策实践的了解，但在刑事案件处理方面的文献中仍存在认识上的差距。其中一个领域与检察官驳回案件的低能见度决定有关；另一个领域涉及县一级的量刑结果，在县一级，法官拥有更广泛的自由裁量权来施加非监禁处罚。本研究考察了一个大城市县在 6 年内（2017 年至 2022 年）检察官做出的撤案决定，以及司法部门做出的对被告判处缓刑或延期判决的决定。多变量模型的结果表明，法律、法律外和案件处理因素与撤案和不判刑有关。我们讨论了这些发现对地方一级案件处理的影响，以及目前对法庭行为人在高工作量、低能见度决定方面的自由裁量权的了解。

引用次数: 0

“I knew if I did that, they'd catch me again”: Changes in deterrability over the criminal career

IF 3.3 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-04-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102413

Lynne M. Vieraitis , Rashaan A. DeShay

Through the lens of deterrence, we use data from in-depth interviews with formerly incarcerated men to explore how their experiences with formal sanctions influenced their assessments of the risks of further offending over the course of their criminal careers. Specifically, we look at how deterrability changed during their lifetimes and influenced the intermittent patterns of offending. We found that they discussed moving among the three phases of deterrability: (1) deterrable but not deterred, (2) not deterrable and not deterred, and (3) deterrable and deterred. For most of the participants, these phases were fluid throughout their criminal careers. We argue that understanding the situational and contextual factors associated with deterrability informs our understanding of intermittency in offending.

引用次数: 0

In-person and remote video visitation and reentry outcomes among those released during the COVID-19 pandemic

IF 3.3 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-04-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102408

Susan McNeeley

Objectives

Prison visitation has been linked to positive aspects of reentry, including employment and desistance. However, few studies have examined how remote video visitation is related to these outcomes. Furthermore, changes to visitation during the COVID-19 pandemic created a unique opportunity to study how visitation relates to reentry.

Methods

Using administrative data from 2000 individuals released from Minnesota state prisons in 2021 after being incarcerated at least one year, this study tests whether in-person and video visitation during the final year of incarceration are associated with reentry outcomes such as recidivism and employment. Multi-group propensity score methods were used to reduce observable selection bias between those receiving different types of visits.

Results

The number of in-person and video visits received during the final year of incarceration were negatively related to two measures of recidivism (reconviction and reincarceration for a new felony). In-person visitation was also associated with lower rearrest and better employment outcomes.

Conclusions

Corrections agencies should continue to facilitate and encourage visits with friends and family, both in-person and virtually. Remote video visits are a useful supplement for in-person visits, especially when there are operational limits to in-person visitation.

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引用次数: 0

Solitary confinement, parole, and criminalization

IF 3.3 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-04-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102407

Claudia N. Anderson , Jonathan Ben-Menachem , Samuel Donahue , Jessica T. Simes , Bruce Western

To explore the criminogenic effects of incarceration, a burgeoning research literature aims to estimate the impact of solitary confinement on recidivism. While solitary confinement has been found to be associated with re-incarceration, it also reduces the likelihood of parole. Parole, in turn, has the criminalizing effect of increasing re-incarceration net of criminal offending. Accurately estimating the criminogenic effect of solitary confinement thus involves accounting for parole status. Using prison administrative data for 2007 to 2020, we conduct a survival analysis to estimate the association between solitary confinement and reincarceration, accounting for parole status and other covariates. Survival analysis shows that the risk of reincarceration is about 6 % higher for those in solitary confinement, once parole is accounted for. Reincarceration rates are 15 to 25 % higher for those held in solitary confinement for 90 days or longer. In this observational analysis, unobserved and nonrandom selection into solitary confinement may account for the estimated effects, but results are robust to controls for a large set of covariates and data subsets.

为了探索监禁对犯罪的影响，一种新兴的研究文献旨在估算单独监禁对累犯的影响。虽然单独监禁被发现与再次入狱有关，但它也降低了假释的可能性。而假释又会产生犯罪化效应，增加再次入狱的刑事犯罪净值。因此，要准确估算单独监禁的致罪效应，就必须考虑假释状况。利用 2007 年至 2020 年的监狱管理数据，我们进行了生存分析，以估计单独监禁与重新监禁之间的关联，并考虑假释状况和其他协变量。生存分析表明，一旦考虑到假释因素，单独监禁者的再监禁风险要高出约 6%。被单独监禁 90 天或更长时间的人的再监禁率要高出 15% 到 25%。在这一观察分析中，对单独监禁的非观察和非随机选择可能是造成估计影响的原因，但对大量协变量和数据子集进行控制后，结果是稳健的。

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引用次数: 0

Microcosms of violence among street gang members: Social contagion, propensity to violence, and gang embeddedness

IF 3.3 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-04-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102405

Yanick Charette , Ilvy Goossens

Gang members face a paradox: while they may join a gang for protection from violence, they are actually more likely to be victimized than non-gang members. Although it is known that gang affiliation increases the risk of violence perpetration and victimization, little is understood about the factors within gangs that influence these risks. This study examines the relationship between violent perpetration and victimization within the context of gang networks. Using 20 years of police data, we mapped the incidents of violent victimization and perpetration among 1587 Haitian street gang members and their affiliates in Montreal, Canada. Our results show that violence occurs in clusters within these groups and that victimization and perpetration are more likely to happen in the same locations within the network. Regression models revealed that victimization was strongly related to: (1) having committed violence, (2) having more violent perpetrators in one's entourage, and (3) having more victims in one's entourage. These three effects were interdependent, creating a mutual aggravation effect: members who had perpetrated high levels of violence, high levels of victimization in their network, and who had violent peers were 15 times more victimized than members who were not directly or indirectly involved in violence. The structure of peer relationships was also important. Denser networks provided some protection against victimization, but this was dependent on members' own level of violence. Violent perpetrators did not benefit from the protection offered by a close-knit network. Our findings show that violence within gangs is not equally distributed and is concentrated in certain areas of the network. Perpetration and victimization are linked, and the local density of the network can reduce the impact of violence in the network. Thus, the idea that gangs can provide protection may not be as paradoxical as it seems. In tightly knit groups, and for members not directly involved in violence, gang affiliation did not increase violence risk. This understanding may improve targeted interventions to prevent both the experience and commission of violence.

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引用次数: 0

Drunk and dangerous? Exploring the tenuous links among drunk driving, alcohol arrests, and firearm violence in an urban context

IF 3.3 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-04-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102406

Chris Melde , Giovanni Circo , April Zeoli , Scott Wolfe , Richard C. Sadler , Stephen Oliphant , Matthew Almanza , Mallory O'Brien

Recent research and policy discussions have focused on prohibiting individuals with repeat alcohol-related offenses from purchasing or possessing firearms. To expand on this work, we use linked administrative data from a cohort sample (n = 36,274) of Milwaukee, Wisconsin residents to assess the association between arrests for alcohol-related offenses and later involvement in gun violence as either a shooting suspect or victim. Findings suggest arrests for operating a vehicle while intoxicated and other alcohol-related offenses were associated with increased risk of firearm-related violence only in models that did not account for other forms of offending, while no association was observed after controlling for non-violent or violent arrest histories. Our findings suggest that alcohol-related offenses do not act as an efficient marker of future firearm violence risk in Milwaukee. Policies that restrict firearm purchase or possession based on alcohol-related offenses may therefore do little to address gun violence in urban contexts.

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引用次数: 0

An item response theory approach to punitive attitudes

IF 3.3 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-04-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102402

Nicolas Trajtenberg , Pablo Ezquerra

Concerns about how punitive attitudes are measured are long-standing in the academic literature. However, empirical research in this area has often overlooked variations in the difficulty of punitive items and differences in individual dispositions. To address these challenges, this paper explores the measurement of punitive attitudes through the application of Item Response Theory to a representative sample of Uruguayan citizens. By addressing the limitations of Classical Test Theory in criminological research, we provide a more nuanced understanding of punitive attitudes, distinguishing the difficulty of survey items from respondents' underlying traits. Our analysis highlights significant variation in item difficulty and discrimination, showing that assuming that all punitive measures reflect equivalent levels of punitiveness is problematic. Our findings identify gaps in the measurement of individuals with higher levels of punitiveness and suggest that frequently used survey items may fail to capture the full spectrum of punitive attitudes. This research emphasizes the need to refine survey instruments to enhance the validity and reliability of scales of punitive attitudes, thereby contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of public opinion regarding crime and punishment.

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引用次数: 0

A neighborhood analysis of U.S homicide clearances in 50 cities: Examining race and disadvantage across neighborhood types

IF 3.3 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102403

Richard Stansfield , Karen F. Parker

America's homicide clearance rate has dropped to a new low, clearing only 52 % of homicides according to the 2020 Uniform Crime Report system. This is the lowest clearance rate on record. While homicide clearance rates receive considerable attention, community-based approaches are far more limited. In this research we examine neighborhood level homicide clearance rates using a large sample of census tracts (n = 15,557) with the goal of capturing the variation in homicide clearances across community characteristics and racial groups. We are particularly interested in understanding how race and structural features of communities may influence homicide clearances overall. Results reveal that higher economic disadvantages and the size of the Black population are associated with lower clearances in predominantly Black, mixed minority and integrated neighborhoods. Additionally, immigration concentration is associated with a lower rate of clearance in predominantly Black and integrated neighborhoods. Trajectory analysis reveals that predominantly Hispanic neighborhoods are also more likely to be characterized by high and rising numbers of unsolved homicides over the past decade.

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