{"title":"<i>N</i>-2-Hydroxypropyl Trimethyl Ammonium Chloride Chitosan-Aluminum Nano-Adjuvant Elicit Strong Immune Responses in Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Inactivated Vaccine.","authors":"Zheng Jin, Jiali Liu, Sihan Guo, Shangen Xu, Xiaochen Gong, Chunjing Zhang, Kai Zhao","doi":"10.2147/IJN.S496077","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) inactivated vaccine lacks an effective vaccine adjuvant as an immune activator. The aim of this study was to develop N-2-HACC-Al nano-adjuvant as a high immune-enhancing adjuvant and to make the vaccine suitable for intramuscular and oral administration.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>N-2-HACC-Al nano-adjuvant was prepared by ion crosslinking method using the N-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan (N-2-HACC). The N-2-HACC-Al nano-adjuvant was characterised, and its safety was determined by analysing the cytotoxicity and hemolysis. PED inactivated vaccine (N-2-HACC-Al/PEDV) was prepared by electrostatic adsorption method, and mice were inoculated by intramural injection and orally to evaluate the immune enhancement effect and application potential of the N-2-HACC-Al/PEDV.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The hemolysis rate was 3.89 ± 0.12% and the activity of PK15 cells was 77.40 ± 1.74%, indicating that the N-2-HACC-Al/PEDV had good biosafety. The levels of PEDV antibodies induced by the N-2-HACC-Al/PEDV were higher than those of commercially available vaccines, both by intramural injection and oral administration. Except for the serum IgG1 levels in the N-2-HACC-Al/PEDV injection group, which were similar to those in the commercial PEDV group, the serum IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2c and sIgA levels in the injection, and the oral groups were significantly higher than those in the commercial group. These results indicated and that N-2-HACC-Al nano-adjuvant significantly enhanced cellular immunity and N-2-HACC-Al nano-adjuvant could deliver PEDV antigen across the mucosal layer of the intestine and induced a strong mucosal immune response.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>N-2-HACC-Al nano-adjuvant is safe and can efficiently induce humoral, cellular and mucosal immunity efficiently, which provides a new idea for the development of oral mucosal vaccine adjuvant.</p>","PeriodicalId":14084,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","volume":"20 ","pages":"1321-1334"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5000,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11792884/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S496077","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2025/1/1 0:00:00","PubModel":"eCollection","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"NANOSCIENCE & NANOTECHNOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Background: Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) inactivated vaccine lacks an effective vaccine adjuvant as an immune activator. The aim of this study was to develop N-2-HACC-Al nano-adjuvant as a high immune-enhancing adjuvant and to make the vaccine suitable for intramuscular and oral administration.
Methods: N-2-HACC-Al nano-adjuvant was prepared by ion crosslinking method using the N-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan (N-2-HACC). The N-2-HACC-Al nano-adjuvant was characterised, and its safety was determined by analysing the cytotoxicity and hemolysis. PED inactivated vaccine (N-2-HACC-Al/PEDV) was prepared by electrostatic adsorption method, and mice were inoculated by intramural injection and orally to evaluate the immune enhancement effect and application potential of the N-2-HACC-Al/PEDV.
Results: The hemolysis rate was 3.89 ± 0.12% and the activity of PK15 cells was 77.40 ± 1.74%, indicating that the N-2-HACC-Al/PEDV had good biosafety. The levels of PEDV antibodies induced by the N-2-HACC-Al/PEDV were higher than those of commercially available vaccines, both by intramural injection and oral administration. Except for the serum IgG1 levels in the N-2-HACC-Al/PEDV injection group, which were similar to those in the commercial PEDV group, the serum IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2c and sIgA levels in the injection, and the oral groups were significantly higher than those in the commercial group. These results indicated and that N-2-HACC-Al nano-adjuvant significantly enhanced cellular immunity and N-2-HACC-Al nano-adjuvant could deliver PEDV antigen across the mucosal layer of the intestine and induced a strong mucosal immune response.
Conclusion: N-2-HACC-Al nano-adjuvant is safe and can efficiently induce humoral, cellular and mucosal immunity efficiently, which provides a new idea for the development of oral mucosal vaccine adjuvant.
期刊介绍：
The International Journal of Nanomedicine is a globally recognized journal that focuses on the applications of nanotechnology in the biomedical field. It is a peer-reviewed and open-access publication that covers diverse aspects of this rapidly evolving research area.
With its strong emphasis on the clinical potential of nanoparticles in disease diagnostics, prevention, and treatment, the journal aims to showcase cutting-edge research and development in the field.
Starting from now, the International Journal of Nanomedicine will not accept meta-analyses for publication.
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