Nanotechnology-based biotherapeutics for physiological wound healing phases

Abstract

Wound healing is a complex process encompassing four phases: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This review highlights recent advancements in nanotechnology-based biotherapeutics addressing challenges inherent to each phase. Therapeutic strategies involving natural antibacterial agents, probiotics, bacteriophages, photothermal agents, antioxidants, anti-inflammatory drugs, therapeutic gases, growth factors, and stem cell therapies are critically analyzed for their contributions to wound repair. Emerging approaches, including gene therapy and microRNA-based interventions, are also examined for their potential to modulate healing pathways. Nanostructured delivery systems-such as liposomes, nanogels, nanoemulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, and nanofibers are emphasized for their precision targeting and sustained release capabilities. Cationic nanostructures derived from chitosan, gelatin, cellulose, dextran, and synthetic polymers are highlighted for their antibacterial properties, enhanced cellular uptake, and regenerative potential. Blood-derived products, including platelet-rich plasma and fibrin, as well as amniotic membrane derivatives, are reviewed for their roles in tissue regeneration. Challenges in clinical translation, including stability, scalability, and targeted delivery, are critically addressed, alongside innovative solutions such as nanostructure-functionalized wound dressings and therapeutic gas encapsulation. This review synthesizes advancements in nanotechnology-driven wound therapies, providing a roadmap for overcoming existing barriers and enhancing therapeutic efficacy. By integrating cutting-edge nanotechnology with biological and chemical therapeutics, this review underscores the transformative potential of these innovations in advancing wound care and improving patient outcomes.