Microclimate temperature effects propagate across scales in forest ecosystems.

IF 3.7 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Landscape Ecology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-02-03 DOI:10.1007/s10980-025-02054-8

Kristin H Braziunas, Werner Rammer, Pieter De Frenne, Joan Díaz-Calafat, Per-Ola Hedwall, Cornelius Senf, Dominik Thom, Florian Zellweger, Rupert Seidl

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Abstract

Context: Forest canopies shape subcanopy environments, affecting biodiversity and ecosystem processes. Empirical forest microclimate studies are often restricted to local scales and short-term effects, but forest dynamics unfold at landscape scales and over long time periods.

Objectives: We developed the first explicit and dynamic implementation of microclimate temperature buffering in a forest landscape model and investigated effects on simulated forest dynamics and outcomes.

Methods: We adapted the individual-based forest landscape and disturbance model iLand to use microclimate temperature for three processes [decomposition, bark beetle (Ips typographus L.) development, and tree seedling establishment]. We simulated forest dynamics with or without microclimate temperature buffering in a temperate European mountain landscape under historical climate and disturbance conditions.

Results: Temperature buffering effects propagated from local to landscape scales. After 1,000 simulation years, average total carbon and cumulative net ecosystem productivity were 2% and 21% higher, respectively, and tree species composition differed in simulations including versus excluding microclimate buffering. When microclimate buffering was included, Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) increased by 9% and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) decreased by 12% in mean basal area share. Some effects were amplified across scales, such as a mean 16% decrease in local-scale bark beetle development rates resulting in a mean 45% decrease in landscape-scale bark beetle-caused mortality.

Conclusions: Microclimate effects on forests scaled nonlinearly from stand to landscape and days to millennia, underlining the utility of complex simulation models for dynamic upscaling in space and time. Microclimate temperature buffering can alter forest dynamics at landscape scales.

Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10980-025-02054-8.

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小气候温度效应在森林生态系统中跨尺度传播。

背景：森林冠层形成亚冠层环境，影响生物多样性和生态系统过程。经验森林小气候研究往往局限于局部尺度和短期影响，但森林动态在景观尺度和长时间内展开。目的：我们首次在森林景观模型中明确和动态地实现了小气候温度缓冲，并研究了对模拟森林动态和结果的影响。方法：采用基于个体的森林景观和干扰模型，利用小气候温度对分解、树皮甲虫（Ips typographus L.）发育和树苗建立三个过程进行影响。在历史气候和扰动条件下，模拟了欧洲温带山地景观中有无小气候温度缓冲的森林动态。结果：温度缓冲效应从局部尺度向景观尺度传播。经过1000年的模拟，平均总碳和累积净生态系统生产力分别提高了2%和21%，树种组成在模拟中存在差异，包括与不包括小气候缓冲。当包括小气候缓冲时，挪威云杉（Picea abies (L.)）喀斯特（Fagus sylvatica L.）增加了9%，欧洲山毛榉（Fagus sylvatica L.）减少了12%。一些影响在不同尺度上被放大，例如，局部尺度树皮甲虫发育率平均下降16%，导致景观尺度树皮甲虫引起的死亡率平均下降45%。结论：小气候对森林的影响从林分到景观，从日到千年呈非线性变化，强调了复杂模拟模型在空间和时间上动态升级的有效性。小气候温度缓冲可以在景观尺度上改变森林动态。补充信息：在线版本包含补充资料，可在10.1007/s10980-025-02054-8获得。

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来源期刊

Landscape Ecology 环境科学-地球科学综合

CiteScore

8.30

自引率

7.70%

发文量

164

审稿时长

8-16 weeks

期刊介绍： Landscape Ecology is the flagship journal of a well-established and rapidly developing interdisciplinary science that focuses explicitly on the ecological understanding of spatial heterogeneity. Landscape Ecology draws together expertise from both biophysical and socioeconomic sciences to explore basic and applied research questions concerning the ecology, conservation, management, design/planning, and sustainability of landscapes as coupled human-environment systems. Landscape ecology studies are characterized by spatially explicit methods in which spatial attributes and arrangements of landscape elements are directly analyzed and related to ecological processes.