Struggles of Fatherhood: A Prospective Study on the Incidence of Paternal Postpartum Depression and Associated Factors

IF 3.5 3区医学 Q1 NURSING Journal of Clinical Nursing Pub Date : 2025-02-07 DOI:10.1111/jocn.17684

Jing Shi Chua, Jamie Qiao Xin Ng, Cornelia Yin Ing Chee, Liang Shen, Cindy-Lee Dennis, Yap Seng Chong, Shefaly Shorey

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Abstract

Aim

To investigate the incidence and the factors associated with paternal postpartum depression amongst new fathers in Singapore.

Design

A prospective repeated measures study was conducted from September 2023 to March 2024.

Methods

A total of 200 fathers aged 21 years and above who had a neonate born at full term and no serious health events for both mother and neonate were recruited from a local hospital via convenience sampling. Fathers completed questionnaires at the third trimester of pregnancy (baseline) and 1 month postpartum. Multiple regression analyses were used to identify significant factors associated with postpartum depression in fathers.

Results

The incidence of paternal postpartum depression was 5.26% at 1 month post-childbirth, using the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS). Using the Gotland Male Depression Scale (GMDS), 7% of the fathers were identified with high risk of depression and 14.3% of the fathers had moderate depressive symptoms. Paternal postpartum depression at 1 month post-childbirth could be predicted by paternal postpartum depression scores at baseline measured by EPDS and GMDS, as well as by baseline perceived social support and parental self-efficacy at 1 month post-childbirth.

Conclusion

This study found that a considerable number of fathers in Singapore are at risk of postpartum depression. There is an urgent need for the development of more comprehensive tools to measure postpartum depression in fathers that are culturally adapted to the local context.

Implications

Early screening during antenatal visits enables timely intervention and access to support, benefiting the entire family. Nurses could help fathers to be more involved by extending patient education and teaching infant care skills to both parents. When counselling patients, the involvement of extended family members and navigating new roles as caregivers of a new baby and breadwinners are important considerations for new parents.

Impact

This study is the first of its kind to measure the incidence of postpartum depression amongst new fathers in an urban multicultural Asian setting, like Singapore. The study found that the incidence of postpartum depression in fathers were 5.26% when measured using EPDS and 14.3% when measured using GMDS at 1 month postpartum. These findings could inform future family-centred and father-specific interventions to improve the mental health outcomes of new parents.

Reporting Method

This study adhered to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) reporting guideline.

Patient or Public Contribution

No patient or public contribution.

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父亲身份的挣扎：父亲产后抑郁发生率及相关因素的前瞻性研究。

目的：调查新加坡新生儿父亲产后抑郁的发生率及相关因素。设计：于2023年9月至2024年3月进行前瞻性重复测量研究。方法：采用方便抽样的方法，在当地某医院招募年龄在21岁及以上、足月分娩且母婴均无严重健康事件的新生儿父亲200例。父亲在妊娠晚期（基线）和产后1个月完成问卷调查。采用多元回归分析确定与父亲产后抑郁相关的显著因素。结果：采用爱丁堡产后抑郁量表（EPDS），产后1个月父亲产后抑郁发生率为5.26%。使用哥特兰男性抑郁量表（GMDS）， 7%的父亲被确定为抑郁症高风险，14.3%的父亲有中度抑郁症状。产后1个月父亲的产后抑郁可以通过EPDS和GMDS测量的父亲产后抑郁基线得分以及产后1个月的基线感知社会支持和父母自我效能来预测。结论：本研究发现，相当多的新加坡父亲有产后抑郁症的风险。迫切需要开发更全面的工具来衡量父亲的产后抑郁症，这些工具要适应当地的文化背景。意义：产前检查期间的早期筛查能够及时干预和获得支持，使整个家庭受益。护士可以通过扩大患者教育和向父母双方传授婴儿护理技能来帮助父亲更多地参与进来。在为患者提供咨询时，大家庭成员的参与以及作为新生儿照顾者和养家糊口者的新角色的定位是新父母的重要考虑因素。影响：这项研究是第一个在多元文化的亚洲城市，如新加坡，测量新爸爸产后抑郁症发病率的研究。研究发现，产后1个月，使用EPDS测量父亲产后抑郁的发生率为5.26%，使用GMDS测量父亲产后抑郁的发生率为14.3%。这些发现可以为未来以家庭为中心和针对父亲的干预措施提供信息，以改善新父母的心理健康结果。报告方法：本研究遵循《加强流行病学观察性研究报告》（STROBE）报告指南。患者或公众捐款：没有患者或公众捐款。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Journal of Clinical Nursing 医学-护理

CiteScore

6.40

自引率

2.40%

发文量

审稿时长

2 months

期刊介绍： The Journal of Clinical Nursing (JCN) is an international, peer reviewed, scientific journal that seeks to promote the development and exchange of knowledge that is directly relevant to all spheres of nursing practice. The primary aim is to promote a high standard of clinically related scholarship which advances and supports the practice and discipline of nursing. The Journal also aims to promote the international exchange of ideas and experience that draws from the different cultures in which practice takes place. Further, JCN seeks to enrich insight into clinical need and the implications for nursing intervention and models of service delivery. Emphasis is placed on promoting critical debate on the art and science of nursing practice. JCN is essential reading for anyone involved in nursing practice, whether clinicians, researchers, educators, managers, policy makers, or students. The development of clinical practice and the changing patterns of inter-professional working are also central to JCN''s scope of interest. Contributions are welcomed from other health professionals on issues that have a direct impact on nursing practice. We publish high quality papers from across the methodological spectrum that make an important and novel contribution to the field of clinical nursing (regardless of where care is provided), and which demonstrate clinical application and international relevance.