Effects of sophorolipids and coconut wax incorporation on the physical, structural, and antibacterial properties of cellulose nanofibers-based Pickering emulsion for cherry tomato preservation

Abstract

A novel acidic sophorolipid-enhanced cellulose nanofiber-based coconut wax Pickering emulsion (ASL-CCPE) using cellulose nanofibers (CNF) as a stabilizer, lactonic sophorolipids (LSL) as an antimicrobial agent, and acidic sophorolipids (ASL) as a co-stabilizer were developed. Through optimization of the oil phase type, oil-to-water ratio, and ASL content, the emulsion exhibited shear-thinning behavior and elastic gel characteristics, making it suitable for coating applications. After 182 days of storage at room temperature, the emulsion's droplet size remained uniform, with no significant flocculation observed. Compared to CCPE, ASL-CCPE exhibited reduced surface tension and formed a more uniform, dense, and washable coating. Cherry tomatoes coated with ASL-CDPE remained fresh for at least 12 days at room temperature. Furthermore, ASL-CCPE treatment resulted in a 5.10 % reduction in weight loss and a 45.83 % increase in vitamin C content even after 15 days of storage. Additionally, the inclusion of LSL significantly inhibited microbial growth, thus reducing decay. This green, safe, and effective emulsion offers a promising, environmentally friendly approach for fruit and vegetable preservation.