Behavioral adaptations of cruise-feeding copepods to harmful algal blooms: Insights from the East China Sea

IF 3.2 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Marine environmental research Pub Date : 2025-02-07 DOI:10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.107005

Zhongheng Xu , Huihuang Jiang , Shouhai Liu , Jiawen Ying , Yining Jiang , Huimin Jiang , Jiayi Xu

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Abstract

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have become a global environmental concern, significantly impacting marine life and the fishing industry. However, the tolerance and adaptive mechanisms of zooplankton to HABs remain poorly understood. This study examines the behavioral and feeding responses of the cruise-feeding copepod Centropages dorsispinatus to summer HABs in the East China Sea (ECS), focusing on interactions with the blooming diatom (Skeletonema costatum) and dinoflagellates (Prorocentrum donghaiense, Karenia mikimotoi, and Alexandrium tamarense). Using short-term incubations and high-speed filming, we compared the ingestion rates and behaviors of C. dorsispinatus fed mono-algal diets and mixed diets containing neutral distraction particles (polystyrene beads). The results revealed that C. dorsispinatus obtained limited carbon from each algal diet (1.02–7.02 μg C cop.⁻¹ day⁻¹). The presence of distraction particles reduced carbon intake from S. costatum, P. donghaiense, and A. tamarense, but significantly increased intake from the healthy control, Platymonas helgolandica. Behavioral responses varied among algal diets: compared to P. helgolandica, C. dorsispinatus exhibited more frequent but shorter swims in S. costatum diets and less frequent swims in K. mikimotoi, and A. tamarense diets. These algal-specific responses were generally mitigated when copepods simultaneously exposed to the neutral distraction particles. Copepods achieved higher carbon intake with lower mechanical energy expenditure when grazing on large dinoflagellates compared to diatoms. We suggest that cruise-feeding copepods can actively adjust their behavior to adapt to varying food conditions, including the density, morphologic characteristics, and toxicity of algae. It allows copepods to better survive and forage in dinoflagellate HABs than in diatom HABs. However, the low ingestion rates observed limit the potential for cruise-feeding copepods to exert top-down control on HABs.

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游食桡足类对有害藻华的行为适应：来自东海的见解

有害藻华（HABs）已成为一个全球性的环境问题，严重影响海洋生物和渔业。然而，浮游动物对有害藻华的耐受性和适应机制尚不清楚。本文研究了东海夏季赤潮对巡航觅食桡足动物背中央足的行为和摄食反应，重点研究了与开花硅藻（costatum）和鞭毛藻（proorocentrum donghaiense， Karenia mikimotoi和tamarense Alexandrium tamarense）的相互作用。采用短期孵育和高速拍摄的方法，比较了单藻饲料和含有中性分散颗粒（聚苯乙烯珠）的混合饲料对背sispinatus摄食率和行为的影响。结果表明，背sispinatus从每种藻类饮食中获得的碳含量有限（1.02 ~ 7.02 μ C cop）。−−1)1天。分散颗粒的存在减少了来自海岸棘球蚴、东海棘球蚴和塔玛兰棘球蚴的碳摄入量，但显著增加了来自健康对照的白僵菌的碳摄入量。不同藻类饮食的行为反应不同：与P. helgolandica相比，C. dorsispinatus在S. costatum饮食中表现出更频繁但更短的游泳，而在K. mikimotoi和A. tamarense饮食中表现出更少的游泳频率。当桡足类同时暴露于中性分散颗粒时，这些藻类特异性反应通常会减轻。与硅藻相比，桡足类在捕食大型鞭毛藻时可以获得更高的碳摄入量和更低的机械能消耗。我们认为，游食桡足类动物可以主动调整自己的行为，以适应不同的食物条件，包括藻类的密度、形态特征和毒性。这使得桡足类动物在鞭毛藻的有害环境中比在硅藻的有害环境中更好地生存和觅食。然而，观察到的低摄食率限制了巡航觅食桡足类对有害藻华施加自上而下控制的潜力。

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来源期刊

Marine environmental research 环境科学-毒理学

CiteScore

5.90

自引率

3.00%

发文量

217

审稿时长

46 days

期刊介绍： Marine Environmental Research publishes original research papers on chemical, physical, and biological interactions in the oceans and coastal waters. The journal serves as a forum for new information on biology, chemistry, and toxicology and syntheses that advance understanding of marine environmental processes. Submission of multidisciplinary studies is encouraged. Studies that utilize experimental approaches to clarify the roles of anthropogenic and natural causes of changes in marine ecosystems are especially welcome, as are those studies that represent new developments of a theoretical or conceptual aspect of marine science. All papers published in this journal are reviewed by qualified peers prior to acceptance and publication. Examples of topics considered to be appropriate for the journal include, but are not limited to, the following: – The extent, persistence, and consequences of change and the recovery from such change in natural marine systems – The biochemical, physiological, and ecological consequences of contaminants to marine organisms and ecosystems – The biogeochemistry of naturally occurring and anthropogenic substances – Models that describe and predict the above processes – Monitoring studies, to the extent that their results provide new information on functional processes – Methodological papers describing improved quantitative techniques for the marine sciences.