An updated review of popular dietary patterns during pregnancy and lactation: Trends, benefits, and challenges

Metabolism open Pub Date : 2025-02-08 DOI:10.1016/j.metop.2025.100353

Maria Chouli , Anastasia Bothou , Giannoula Kyrkou , Sofia Kaliarnta , Aikaterini Dimitrakopoulou , Athina Diamanti

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Abstract

This review examines nutritional needs during pregnancy and lactation, focusing on the critical nutrients required for both maternal and fetal health. Essential nutrients such as folic acid, vitamin D, iron, calcium, and omega-3 fatty acids play a significant role in supporting fetal development and minimizing the risk of complications like gestational diabetes, hypertension, and preterm birth. Various dietary patterns, including the Mediterranean, vegetarian/vegan, and gluten-free diets, were evaluated for their adequacy and potential benefits. The Mediterranean diet was highlighted for its protective effects against pregnancy-related health issues. In contrast, the review identified vegetarian and vegan diets as requiring careful planning to ensure sufficient intake of key nutrients. Additionally, the review explored the implications of gestational diabetes and dietary strategies for managing blood sugar levels. The effects of intermittent fasting during pregnancy were also discussed, with mixed evidence regarding its safety and impact on pregnancy outcomes. Overall, the review stresses the importance of tailored nutritional guidance to ensure optimal health for both the mother and the developing fetus during pregnancy and lactation.

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