Thermodynamics of Cattaneo–Christov heat flux theory on hybrid nanofluid flow with variable viscosity, convective boundary, and velocity slip

Abstract

This work aims to analyze the behavior of the Cattaneo–Christov heat flux theory on hybrid nanofluid flow, and the heat transportation that occurs across a stretchable porous space. In this study, energy equation incorporates the combined effects of thermal radiation and Cattaneo–Christov heat flux. Because of their potential uses in various domains, hybrid nanofluids—a more sophisticated type of nanofluids recognized for their improved thermal properties—are being studied. A two-dimensional hybrid nanofluid system with copper (Cu) and alumina oxide (AlO₂) nanoparticles distributed throughout a base fluid of water (H₂O) is described by the mathematical model created here. The study includes other elements like viscous dissipation and changing viscosity. Similarity transformations are used to turn the governing partial differential equations (PDEs) into ordinary differential equations, which are then numerically solved using a shooting approach and the MATLAB Bvp4c solver. The impact of crucial parameters on velocity and temperature profiles is carefully investigated in this study. These parameters include the Weissenberg number, magnetic parameter relaxation time, Prandtl number, thermal radiation parameter, velocity slip parameter, Biot number, convection parameter, suction parameter, heat source parameter, and Eckert number. In comparison to conventional nanofluids, the hybrid nanofluid's temperature profile shows a notable rise, according to the data. In certain circumstances, the results also closely match existing solutions. By outperforming traditional nanofluids, this discovery holds promise for improving the performance of industrial heat exchangers, automobile radiators, and electrical gadgets.