Nonlinear relaxation behavior and competing aging mechanisms in GAP-based propellants under thermal aging

IF 2.3 4区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials Pub Date : 2025-02-17 DOI:10.1007/s11043-025-09764-1

Jiangtao Wang, Guanglong Zhang, Li Yang, Xiangyang Liu, Ningfei Wang

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Abstract

Glycidyl azide polymer (GAP)-based propellants, known for their high energy efficiency, exhibit unique nonlinear variations in viscoelastic behavior during thermal aging, which is distinct from the monotonic trends observed in traditional propellants. This paper investigates the relaxation behavior of GAP-based propellants subjected to thermal aging at 60 °C. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and high-performance liquid chromatography analyses are conducted to reveal the underlying mechanisms driving the nonlinear relaxation response. The aging process is classified into three distinct stages: an initial phase dominated by post-curing reactions, followed by competing effects from crosslink network scission, and plasticizer degradation. These competing mechanisms affect the relaxation through microscopic changes in free volume, resulting in complex viscoelastic responses. A predictive model is developed for the relaxation modulus to take into account of these aging mechanisms, with capability to capture the nonlinear fluctuations in the aging shift factor. The proposed model provides accurate predictions of relaxation behavior during thermal aging, including the long-term performance of GAP-based propellants.

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热老化下gap基推进剂的非线性松弛行为及竞争老化机制

叠氮缩水甘油酯聚合物（GAP）基推进剂以其高能效而闻名，但在热老化过程中表现出独特的非线性粘弹性变化，这与传统推进剂的单调趋势不同。研究了gap基推进剂在60℃热老化条件下的弛豫行为。核磁共振和高效液相色谱分析揭示了驱动非线性松弛响应的潜在机制。老化过程分为三个不同的阶段：由固化后反应主导的初始阶段，其次是交联网络断裂和增塑剂降解的竞争效应。这些相互竞争的机制通过自由体积的微观变化影响弛豫，导致复杂的粘弹性响应。为了考虑这些老化机制，建立了松弛模量的预测模型，并具有捕获老化位移因子非线性波动的能力。该模型提供了热老化过程中松弛行为的准确预测，包括基于gap的推进剂的长期性能。

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来源期刊

Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials 工程技术-材料科学：表征与测试

CiteScore

4.90

自引率

8.00%

发文量

审稿时长

>12 weeks

期刊介绍： Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials accepts contributions dealing with the time-dependent mechanical properties of solid polymers, metals, ceramics, concrete, wood, or their composites. It is recognized that certain materials can be in the melt state as function of temperature and/or pressure. Contributions concerned with fundamental issues relating to processing and melt-to-solid transition behaviour are welcome, as are contributions addressing time-dependent failure and fracture phenomena. Manuscripts addressing environmental issues will be considered if they relate to time-dependent mechanical properties. The journal promotes the transfer of knowledge between various disciplines that deal with the properties of time-dependent solid materials but approach these from different angles. Among these disciplines are: Mechanical Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Rheology, Materials Science, Polymer Physics, Design, and others.