Dihydroartemisinin attenuates acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in rats: Suppression of inflammation and modulation of NFκβ/TNF-α/RIPK1-mediated necroptosis and apoptosis

Abstract

Background

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease characterized by the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the release of inflammatory mediators. Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) is a semi-synthetic active metabolite of artemisinin that has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-fibrotic properties.

Objective

This study aimed to assess the therapeutic benefits of DHA on acetic acid(AA) -induced UC in rats, with particular emphasis on its anti-inflammatory effects and its influence on NFκB/TNF-α/RIPK1 necroptotic pathways.

Methods

Eighteen rats were allocated into control, acetic acid-induced colitis (AA), and DHA-treated (AA+DHA) groups. Colitis was caused by rectal instillation of 5 % acetic acid. DHA was supplied via intraperitoneal injection. Histological, biochemical studies of oxidative stress, inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators, Western blotting for TNF-α, RIPK1, and caspase 3, and immunohistochemical assessment of NFκB, TNF-α, and RIPK1, were conducted.

Results

DHA treatment markedly diminished macroscopic damage, disease activity index, histopathology scores, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, enhancing glutathione (GSH) levels. Additionally, DHA decreased serum TNF-α and IL-6 and increased IL-10. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry investigations validated the reduced expression of TNF-α, RIPK1, and caspase 3 in DHA-treated rats.

Conclusion

DHA demonstrates protective properties against acetic acid-induced UC by decreasing oxidative stress and inflammation, modifying TNF-α activity to regulate apoptotic and necroptotic pathways. So, DHA may be a favorable therapeutic alternative for the management of ulcerative colitis.