Development of a novel and highly sensitive electrochemical sensor based on FeCu-LDH@MXene nanocomposite for the selective determination of clonazepam

Abstract

The present work presents a novel, unique and very sensitive sensor for the measurement of clonazepam based on the modification of a glassy carbon electrode with FeCu-LDH@MXene nanocomposite. This composite was synthesized by a simple co-precipitation process. The morphology and composition of FeCu-LDH@MXene were investigated using various analytical techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), elemental mapping (MAP), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and Raman technique. For the electrochemical investigations and measurements, the techniques of cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), chronocoulometry (CC) and chronoamperometry (CA) were used. The effective surface area of the modified electrode and the diffusion coefficient of clonazepam were determined to be 0.267 cm² and 1.12 × 10⁻⁶ cm² s⁻¹, respectively. Under ideal conditions, the calibration curve of clonazepam was plotted using differential pulse voltammetry. The linear range of 0.66–418 μM, the detection limit of 90 nM, the quantitative limit of 303 nM, and a sensitivity of 0.0327 μA μM⁻¹ were obtained for clonazepam. The fabricated sensor was also effectively used for the measurement of clonazepam in human plasma and pharmaceutical tablet samples.