Astrocyte-Neuron Metabolic Crosstalk in Ischaemic Stroke.

Abstract

Ischemic stroke (IS) is caused by temporary or permanent obstruction of the brain's blood supply. The disruption in glucose and oxygen delivery that results from the drop in blood flow impairs energy metabolism. A significant pathological feature of IS is impaired energy metabolism. Astrocytes, as the most prevalent glial cells in the brain, sit in between neurons and the microvasculature. By taking advantage of their special anatomical location, they play a crucial part in regulating cerebral blood flow (CBF) and metabolism. Astrocytes can withstand hypoxic and ischemic conditions better than neurons do. Additionally, astrocytes are essential for maintaining the metabolism and function of neurons. Therefore, the "neurocentric" perspective on neuroenergetics is gradually giving way to a more comprehensive perspective that takes into account metabolic interaction between astrocytes and neurons. Since neurons in the core region of the infarct are unable to undergo oxidative metabolism, the focus of attention in this review is on neurons in the peri-infarct region. We'll go over the metabolic crosstalk of astrocytes and neurons during the acute phase of IS using three different types of metabolites: lactate, fatty acids (FAs), and amino acids, as well as the mitochondria. After IS, astrocytes in the peri-infarct zone can produce lactate, ketone bodies (KBs), glutamine (Gln), and L-serine, shuttling these metabolites, along with mitochondria, to neurons. This process helps maintain the energy requirements of neurons, preserves their redox state, and regulates neurotransmitter receptor activity.