Rethinking cardiovascular risk: The emerging role of lipoprotein(a) screening

Abstract

Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is a genetically inherited, independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), affecting approximately 20–25% of the global population. Elevated Lp(a) levels are associated with a 2–3-fold increased risk of myocardial infarction and aortic valve stenosis, comparable to the risk seen in individuals with familial hypercholesterolemia. Despite its clinical relevance, the integration of Lp(a) screening into routine practice has been limited by inconsistent measurement techniques and a lack of targeted treatments. Recent advancements, including improved assays and the development of potential Lp(a)-lowering therapies, have renewed focus on the importance of Lp(a) screening.

This review aims to clarify the role of Lp(a) in cardiovascular health by examining current evidence on who should be screened, when screening should occur, and the most accurate methods for measuring Lp(a). Key recommendations include universal, one-time screening for adults, selective screening for high-risk pediatric patients, and special considerations for individuals with conditions such as familial hypercholesterolemia and chronic kidney disease. Advances in assay technology now allow for more precise Lp(a) measurement, supporting better risk stratification. Additionally, emerging therapies that specifically target elevated Lp(a) levels could lead to more personalized management of CVD risk.

Our findings support the integration of Lp(a) screening into routine cardiovascular risk assessment, highlighting its potential to improve early detection and prevention strategies across diverse patient populations.