Changing climate response of Northeast Ohio white oaks, USA: Is it tree age or site age?

Abstract

White oak, a keystone species of the broadleaf forests of the North American Midwest, has a significant role in providing ecosystems services in a region experiencing warming and increasingly pluvial conditions. A one-hundred-year-old white oak stand in an arboretum, along with two second growth (∼200-year-old) stands from Northeast Ohio have consistently responded positively to summer (June-July) precipitation over the past century, whereas four nearby old growth sites (>300 years old) have lost their moisture sensitivity since about the mid 1970s. This “fading drought signal,” which has been previously reported, appears to be more a result of the legacy of land use at the individual sites rather than tree age. The younger oak stands and their relative sustained drought sensitivity is also related to their history of recently attaining the canopy and similar responses associated with intervals of selective logging. All sites are strongly, negatively correlated with summer (June-July) maximum monthly temperatures and in general the maximum temperatures are negatively correlated with precipitation in those months. Future warming in the Midwest is projected to see increases in spring precipitation and likely decreases in late summer precipitation linked to a northward migration of the North American Westerly Jet. This projected decrease in summer precipitation coupled with an increase in maximum and minimum summer temperatures in the coming decades would increase the moisture stress on these trees. Our examination of these varying climate responses with respect to site characteristics and forest age can help future assessments of tree health and the forest’s ability to sequester carbon, as well as facilitate efforts to reconstruct climate by using a range of tree sites for intervals when sensitivity in old growth sites is lost.