Effect of dilution on fabricated functionally graded materials compositions: Modelling and mitigation strategies validated using the Ni-, Fe-, Cu- alloy system

IF 11.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING Additive manufacturing Pub Date : 2025-03-25 Epub Date: 2025-03-06 DOI:10.1016/j.addma.2025.104730

Zhening Yang , Cory D. Jamieson , Zi-Kui Liu , Allison M. Beese

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Abstract

Additive manufacturing (AM) can be used to fabricate functionally graded materials (FGMs) in which composition, and therefore properties, vary spatially within a component. A practical consideration for FGM fabrication is the effects of dilution. In the gradient region of vertically graded FGMs, dilution from the previous layer with a different composition from that being newly deposited can result in the composition of the newly solidified layer deviating from the feedstock composition from the nozzles. In this study, a dilution model for multi-layer FGM samples is proposed and validated experimentally with an Inconel625 (IN625)-Monel400 FGM sample. Factors that affect the deviation from the designed compositional path are discussed and methods for mitigating dilution effects to produce designed path are provided and experimentally demonstrated in a stainless steel 316 L (SS316L)-50/50 wt% SS316L/Ni-Monel400 FGM sample, aiding in precise production of the designed FGM path.

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稀释对制造的功能梯度材料组成的影响：使用Ni-， Fe-， Cu合金系统验证的建模和缓解策略

增材制造（AM）可用于制造功能梯度材料（fgm），其中成分和性能在组件内空间变化。女性生殖器切割制造的一个实际考虑因素是稀释的影响。在垂直分级fgm的梯度区，来自前一层的稀释与新沉积的稀释成分不同，可能导致新固化层的成分偏离来自喷嘴的原料成分。本研究提出了多层女性生殖器切割样品的稀释模型，并用Inconel625 (IN625)-Monel400女性生殖器切割样品进行了实验验证。讨论了影响设计成分路径偏差的因素，并提供了减轻稀释效应以产生设计路径的方法，并在不锈钢316 L (SS316L)-50/50 wt% SS316L/Ni-Monel400 FGM样品中进行了实验验证，有助于精确生产设计的FGM路径。

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来源期刊

Additive manufacturing Materials Science-General Materials Science

CiteScore

19.80

自引率

12.70%

发文量

648

审稿时长

35 days

期刊介绍： Additive Manufacturing stands as a peer-reviewed journal dedicated to delivering high-quality research papers and reviews in the field of additive manufacturing, serving both academia and industry leaders. The journal's objective is to recognize the innovative essence of additive manufacturing and its diverse applications, providing a comprehensive overview of current developments and future prospects. The transformative potential of additive manufacturing technologies in product design and manufacturing is poised to disrupt traditional approaches. In response to this paradigm shift, a distinctive and comprehensive publication outlet was essential. Additive Manufacturing fulfills this need, offering a platform for engineers, materials scientists, and practitioners across academia and various industries to document and share innovations in these evolving technologies.