Exploring Phosphonium-Based Anion Exchange Polymers for Moisture Swing Direct Air Capture of Carbon Dioxide

Abstract

This study explores the performance and stability of ammonium and phosphonium-based polymeric ionic liquids (PILs) with methyl and butyl substituents in moisture-swing direct air capture of CO₂. The polymers are synthesized with chloride counterions, followed by ion exchange to the bicarbonate ion, and tests for CO₂ capture capacity and stability under cyclic wet–dry conditions. The phosphonium polymer with methyl substituents [PVBT-MeP] demonstrates the highest CO₂ capture capacity at ≈510 µmol g⁻¹, attributed to minimal steric hindrance and stronger ion pairing with bicarbonate. However, oxidative degradation is detected by ³¹P NMR spectroscopy after the moisture swing experiment, with the appearance of a phosphine oxide peak at 61.28 ppm, which indicates phosphorus oxidation as the primary degradation pathway. In contrast, the ammonium polymer with butyl substituents [PVBT-BuN] exhibits the highest stability, showing no degradation over five moisture swing cycles. Additional stability experiments in 0.5 m KHCO₃ solutions reveal no degradation for any PIL, suggesting that oxidative degradation is driven by dynamic acid-base reactions during the moisture swing cycles in the air. These findings reveal the potential of phosphonium-based PILs for moisture-swing direct air capture, achieving high capacity while highlighting the need for optimized stability through counterion and structural design.