Interferometric Radar Satellite and In-Situ Well Time-Series Reveal Groundwater Extraction Rate Changes in Urban and Rural Afghanistan

IF 4.6 1区 地球科学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Water Resources Research Pub Date : 2025-03-12 DOI:10.1029/2023wr036626
N. Kakar, S. Metzger, T. Schöne, M. Motagh, H. Waizy, N. A. Nasrat, M. Lazecký, F. Amelung, B. Bookhagen
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Abstract

Population growth, climate change, and a lack of infrastructure have contributed to an increase in water demand and groundwater exploitation in urban and rural Afghanistan, resulting in significant ground subsidence. Based on a 7-year-long Sentinel-1 radar-interferometric time-series (2015–2022), we assess country-wide subsidence rates. Of particular focus are urban Kabul and the growing agricultural sector of rural Ghazni. In Kabul, we compare spatiotemporal subsidence patterns to water table heights and precipitation amounts. In Ghazni, we monitored the transition from ancient to modern irrigation techniques by mapping solar-panel arrays as a proxy for electrical water pumping and evaluating the vegetation index as a proxy for agricultural activity. Several cultural centers (Kabul, Ghazni, Helmand, Farah, Baghlan, and Kunduz) exhibit significant subsidence of more than ∼5 ± 0.1 cm/yr. In Kabul, ground subsidence is largest near the city center with a 6-year total of 31.2 ± 0.5 cm, but the peripheral wells of the Kabul basin exhibit the highest water-table drops. In Ghazni, with a 7-year total of 77.8 ± 0.5 cm, subsidence rates are dramatically accelerating since 2018. Before 2018, barren land was transformed into farmland and traditional irrigation was replaced by electrical water pumps to tap groundwater. As a result, m-wide and km-long desiccation cracks appeared in the area with the highest irrigation volume and subsidence.
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来源期刊
Water Resources Research
Water Resources Research 环境科学-湖沼学
CiteScore
8.80
自引率
13.00%
发文量
599
审稿时长
3.5 months
期刊介绍: Water Resources Research (WRR) is an interdisciplinary journal that focuses on hydrology and water resources. It publishes original research in the natural and social sciences of water. It emphasizes the role of water in the Earth system, including physical, chemical, biological, and ecological processes in water resources research and management, including social, policy, and public health implications. It encompasses observational, experimental, theoretical, analytical, numerical, and data-driven approaches that advance the science of water and its management. Submissions are evaluated for their novelty, accuracy, significance, and broader implications of the findings.
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