3-Dimensional kinematics and kinetics of the snatch in elite and varsity weightlifters

Abstract

Mastering the snatch lift requires physical strength as well as a deep understanding of kinematics, kinetics, and timing, making it one of the most technically demanding athletic feats. While kinematic differences across skill levels are well-documented, kinetic differences are less understood. Exploring the 3D kinetics of the snatch can reveal important insights into the movement patterns, moments, forces, and power involved in the lift, helping to enhance performance for lifters at all skill levels. This study examined the 3D kinematic and kinetic differences between elite and varsity weightlifters during the snatch lift. A total of 23 participants (10 females, 13 males), including 11 elite and 12 varsity weightlifters, were measured. Results from the SPM analysis of 3D kinematics and kinetics during the snatch lift indicate that elite athletes tend to achieve key kinematic events slightly later in the lift cycle compared to varsity athletes, particularly in knee flexion and extension. In addition, elite lifters demonstrated superior shoulder moments about adduction-abduction and internal-external rotation axes, along with increased elbow and wrist moments during most of the raising phase. Key differences indicate elite athletes showed greater hip extensor and abductor moments at the catch and rise phases, while varsity athletes exhibited higher lateral forces during the first pull and transition phases (p < 0.05). Significant differences were also found in shoulder, wrist, and ankle dynamics, with elite lifters demonstrating greater normalized power and moments across various joints (p < 0.05). These findings provide a valuable reference for improving the snatch technique of both varsity and elite lifters. Addressing variations in the mechanics and timing of the snatch lift may enhance performance and proficiency across all levels of weightlifters.