Species-specific PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR utilization in the plant morphogenetic response to environmental stimuli.

Abstract

PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTORs (PIFs) regulate growth-related gene expression in response to environmental conditions. Among their diverse functions in regulating signal responses, PIFs play an important role in thermomorphogenesis (the response to increased ambient temperature) and in the shade-avoidance response. While numerous studies have examined the varied roles of PIFs in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), their roles in crop plants remain poorly investigated. This study delves into the conservation of PIFs activity among species by examining their functions in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and comparing them to known PIF functions in Arabidopsis using single and higher-order mutants of tomato PIF genes (SlPIFs). We demonstrate that, in contrast to Arabidopsis, PIFs are not required for thermomorphogenesis-induced stem elongation in tomato. In addition, whereas Arabidopsis PIF8 has a minor effect on plant growth, tomato SlPIF8a plays a key role in the low red/far-red (R/FR) response. In contrast, SlPIF4 and SlPIF7s play minor roles in this process. We also investigated the tissue-specific low R/FR response in tomato seedlings and demonstrate that the aboveground organs exhibit a conserved response to low R/FR, which is regulated by SlPIFs. Our findings provide insights into PIF-mediated responses in crop plants, which may guide future breeding strategies to enhance yield under high planting densities.