A Quantitative Analysis of Aspirin, Telmisartan, and Bisoprolol in Spiked Human Plasma Using Green Spectrofluorimetric Analysis

Abstract

Herein, precise and straightforward spectrofluorimetric method was developed for the determination of aspirin, telmisartan, and bisoprolol in spiked human plasma. Bisoprolol was measured directly by detecting its native fluorescence spectra at 301 nm following excitation at 230 nm, with no interference from aspirin or telmisartan. However, direct fluorescence detection of aspirin and telmisartan proved challenging because their native emission spectra at 406 and 375 nm overlapped. As a result, aspirin and telmisartan were measured utilizing synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy coupled with first-derivative spectroscopy, allowing for the entire resolution of their overlapping spectra and the measurement of aspirin and telmisartan at 416 and 349 nm, respectively. The method was validated according to the requirements outlined in ICH M10 for bioanalytical method validation. The approach demonstrated satisfactory linearity in the working ranges of 30–1000 ng/mL for aspirin, 50–900 ng/mL for telmisartan, and 75–1300 ng/mL for bisoprolol. The method was accurate and precise, and it was effectively used to measure the studied drugs in spiked plasma with minimal matrix influence. The method's greenness was further evaluated using the Green Analytical Procedure Index and the Analytical GREEnness metrics. The results showed that the employed procedure was environmentally friendly.