Flaxseed-derived peptide, Ile-Pro-Pro-Phe (IPPF), ameliorates hepatic cholesterol metabolism to treat metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease by promoting cholesterol conversion and excretion†

Abstract

Flaxseed-derived peptide IPPF has been reported to effectively inhibit cholesterol micellization and reduce cholesterol accumulation in vitro. However, its effects on hepatic cholesterol accumulation and related dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) in vivo, along with the underlying mechanisms and specific molecular targets, remain unclear. This study investigated the impact of IPPF on hepatic cholesterol accumulation to ameliorate MASLD and its potential mechanisms in vivo. Six-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-cholesterol, high-fat diet and treated with different doses of IPPF via oral gavage for six weeks. IPPF intervention significantly reduced hepatic cholesterol levels and oxidative stress damage while increasing fecal cholesterol and bile acid excretion. Non-targeted metabolomics analysis revealed that IPPF primarily affected pathways related to ABC transporters and bile acid metabolism. IPPF intake upregulated the mRNA expression of Abcg5/8 and Cyp7a1 in the liver. Molecular docking, dynamics and Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) simulations demonstrated that IPPF binds strongly to ABCG5/8 and CYP7A1, forming stable complexes. Furthermore, cholesterol accumulation and MASLD in HepG2 cells induced by palmitic acid (PA) was alleviated by IPPF, but this effect was partly stopped when CYP7A1 or ABCG5/8 was inhibited. In conclusion, flaxseed-derived peptide IPPF targets CYP7A1 and ABCG5/8, promoting cholesterol conversion and excretion, thereby reducing hepatic cholesterol accumulation and offering a potential nutritional treatment for MASLD. IPPF can be used as a novel dietary cholesterol-lowering functional ingredient. This study provides a scientific basis and new perspective for the development of cholesterol-lowering functional foods and dietary supplements.