Optimizing microstrip patch antennas: dielectric analysis of ZnAl2O4-based nanoceramic composites for satellite frequency bands

Abstract

This study focuses on gahnite (Zinc aluminate, ZnAl₂O₄)-based microwave dielectric ceramics for prototype patch antennas in the 4–12 GHz range. ZnAl₂O₄ was modified with TiO₂ and V₂O₅ to improve key properties like dielectric permittivity (ε_r) and dielectric loss (tan δ). X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the formation of a two-phase system. The dielectric permittivity values for ZA (ZnAl₂O₄), ZAT (ZnAl₂O₄TiO₂), ZAV (ZnAl₂O₄V₂O₅), and ZAVT (ZnAl₂O₄0.6wt%V₂O₅0.4wt%TiO₂) were 21.8, 24.9, 18.9, and 22.83, respectively, while dielectric losses were 0.050, 0.060, 0.049, and 0.058. Antenna return losses (RL), bandwidth, and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) were − 19.42 dB/616 MHz/1.24 (ZA), − 20.25 dB/2.57 GHz/1.23 (ZAT), − 20.73 dB/3.34 GHz/1.05 (ZAV), and − 44.69 dB/1.9 GHz/1.23 (ZAVT), demonstrating significant improvements in performance. This research highlights the role of TiO₂ and V₂O₅ in increasing crystallite and grain size, contributing to enhanced dielectric properties. The optimized composites show potential for miniaturizing wireless patch antennas, making them suitable for advanced telecommunications applications.