Which 'Working' Components of Working Memory aren't Working in Youth with ADHD?

Whitney D Fosco, Michael J Kofler, Nicole B Groves, Elizabeth S M Chan, Joseph S Raiker
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引用次数: 25

Abstract

Despite replicated evidence for working memory deficits in youth with ADHD, no study has comprehensively assessed all three primary 'working' subcomponents of the working memory system in these children. Children ages 8-13 with (n = 45) and without (n = 41) ADHD (40% female; Mage = 10.5; 65% Caucasian/Non-Hispanic) completed a counterbalanced battery of nine tasks (three per construct) assessing working memory reordering (maintaining and rearranging information in mind), updating (active monitoring of incoming information and replacing outdated with relevant information), and dual-processing (maintaining information in mind while performing a secondary task). Detailed analytic plans were preregistered. Bayesian t-tests indicated that, at the group level, children with ADHD exhibited significant impairments in working memory reordering (BF10 = 4.64 × 105; d = 1.34) and updating (BF10 = 9.49; d = 0.64), but not dual-processing (BF01 = 1.33; d = 0.37). Overall, 67%-71% of youth with ADHD exhibited impairment in at least one central executive working memory domain. Reordering showed the most ADHD-related impairment, with 75% classified as below average or impaired, and none demonstrating strengths. The majority of children with ADHD (52%-57%) demonstrated average or better abilities in the remaining two domains, with a notable minority demonstrating strengths in updating (8%) and dual-processing (20%). Notably, impairments in domain-general central executive working memory, rather than individual subcomponents, predicted ADHD severity, suggesting that common rather than specific working memory mechanisms may be central to understanding ADHD symptoms. These impairment estimates extend prior work by providing initial evidence that children with ADHD not only exhibit heterogeneous profiles across cognitive domains but also exhibit significant heterogeneity within subcomponents of key cognitive processes.

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工作记忆的哪些“工作”成分在患有多动症的青少年中不起作用?
尽管有重复的证据表明患有多动症的青少年存在工作记忆缺陷,但没有一项研究全面评估了这些儿童工作记忆系统的所有三个主要“工作”子组件。8-13岁患有(n = 45)和未患有(n = 41) ADHD的儿童(40%为女性;法师= 10.5;65%的白种人/非西班牙裔)完成了一个平衡的九项任务(每个结构三个),评估工作记忆的重新排序(保持和重新安排信息),更新(主动监测传入的信息并用相关信息替换过时的信息)和双重处理(在执行次要任务的同时保持信息)。详细的分析计划已预先登记。贝叶斯t检验显示,在组水平上,ADHD儿童在工作记忆重排序方面表现出显著的障碍(BF10 = 4.64 × 105;d = 1.34)和更新(BF10 = 9.49;d = 0.64),但非双处理(BF01 = 1.33;d = 0.37)。总体而言,67%-71%的青少年多动症患者表现出至少一个中央执行工作记忆域的损伤。重新排序显示出与多动症相关的最大损害,75%的人被归类为低于平均水平或受损,没有人表现出优势。大多数患有多动症的儿童(52%-57%)在其余两个领域表现出平均或更好的能力,值得注意的是,少数儿童在更新(8%)和双重处理(20%)方面表现出优势。值得注意的是,一般领域的中央执行工作记忆的损伤,而不是个别的子组件,预测ADHD的严重程度,这表明共同的而不是特定的工作记忆机制可能是理解ADHD症状的核心。这些损伤估计扩展了先前的工作,提供了最初的证据,证明多动症儿童不仅在认知领域表现出异质性,而且在关键认知过程的子成分中也表现出显著的异质性。
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期刊介绍: Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology brings together the latest innovative research that advances knowledge of psychopathology from infancy through adolescence. The journal publishes studies that have a strong theoretical framework and use a diversity of methods, with an emphasis on empirical studies of the major forms of psychopathology found in childhood disorders (e.g., disruptive behavior disorders, depression, anxiety, and autism spectrum disorder). Studies focus on the epidemiology, etiology, assessment, treatment, prognosis, and developmental course of these forms of psychopathology. Studies highlighting risk and protective factors; the ecology and correlates of children''s emotional, social, and behavior problems; and advances in prevention and treatment are featured. Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology is the official journal of the International Society for Research in Child and Adolescent Psychopathology (ISRCAP), a multidisciplinary scientific society.
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