Burkholderia Cepacia Complex in Personal Care Products: Molecular Epidemiology and Susceptibility to Preservatives.

Abstract

Many outbreaks of Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) infections are associated with contaminations in personal care products (PCPs). This study aimed to analyze a collection of Bcc isolates in PCPs and assess the susceptibility of preservatives, including dimethoxy dimethyl hydantoin (DMDMH), methylisothiazolinone-chloromethylisothiazolinone (MIT/cMIT), and methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (MH). The Bcc isolates collected during the 3-year (2015-2017) study period were further examined by biochemical identification system, phylogenetic analysis based on recA nucleotide sequences, and multilocus sequence typing analysis. Preservatives susceptibility testing of Bcc bacteria were evaluated by minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration. A total of seven distinct sequence types (STs) were identified, which belonged to four different Bcc species: Burkholderia cenocepacia (ST621, ST258, and novel ST), Burkholderia lata (ST339 and ST336), Burkholderia contaminans (ST482), Burkholderia cepacia (ST922). For DMDMH and MH, the maximum permitted concentrations according to the safety specification of cosmetics (0.6% and 0.4%) were able to inhibit or kill all Bcc strains, but 40% of Bcc isolates could survive at higher than maximum permitted concentrations of MIT/cMIT (of a mixture in the ratio 3:1 of 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one and 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one). The PCPs contamination of Bcc strains should be given more attention by manufacturers because of its diversity in molecular epidemiology and its low susceptibility to preservatives such as MIT/cMIT.