Lithium-ion battery utilization in various modes of e-transportation

IF 15 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS Etransportation Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI:10.1016/j.etran.2023.100274
Benedikt Tepe , Sammy Jablonski , Holger Hesse , Andreas Jossen
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引用次数: 1

Abstract

The electrification of the transportation sector leads to an increased deployment of lithium-ion batteries in vehicles. Today, traction batteries are installed, for example, in electric cars, electric buses, and electric boats. These use-cases place different demands on the battery. In this work, simulated data from 60 electric cars and field data from 82 electric buses and six electric boats from Germany are used to quantify a set of stress factors relevant to battery operation and life expectancy depending on the mode of transportation. For this purpose, the open-source tool SimSES designed initially to simulate battery operation in stationary applications is extended toward analyzing mobile applications. It now allows users to simulate electric vehicles while driving and charging. The analyses of the three means of transportation show that electric buses, for example, consume between 1 and 1.5 kWh/km and that consumption is lowest at ambient temperatures around 20 °C. Electric buses are confronted with 0.4–1 equivalent full cycle per day, whereas the analyzed set of car batteries experience less than 0.18 and electric boats between 0.026 and 0.3 equivalent full cycles per day. Other parameters analyzed include mean state-of-charges, mean charging rates, and mean trip cycle depths. Beyond these evaluations, the battery parameters of the transportation means are compared with those of three stationary applications. We reveal that stationary storage systems in home storage and balancing power applications generate similar numbers of equivalent full cycles as electric buses, which indicates that similar batteries could be used in these applications. Furthermore, we simulate the influence of different charging strategies and show their severe impact on battery degradation stress factors in e-transportation. To facilitate widespread and diverse usage, all profile and analysis data relevant to this work is provided as open data as part of this work.

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锂离子电池在各种电子交通方式中的应用
交通运输部门的电气化导致锂离子电池在车辆中的部署增加。今天,牵引电池被安装在电动汽车、电动公共汽车和电动船上。这些用例对电池提出了不同的要求。在这项工作中,使用来自德国的60辆电动汽车的模拟数据和来自82辆电动公交车和6艘电动船的现场数据来量化一组与电池运行和预期寿命相关的压力因素,具体取决于运输方式。为此,最初设计用于模拟固定应用中电池操作的开源工具SimSES扩展到分析移动应用。它现在允许用户在驾驶和充电时模拟电动汽车。例如,对三种交通工具的分析表明,电动公交车的耗电量在1至1.5千瓦时/公里之间,并且在环境温度约为20°C时耗电量最低。电动公交车每天面临0.4-1等效全循环,而所分析的一组汽车电池每天经历不到0.18个等效全循环,电动船每天经历0.026到0.3个等效全循环。分析的其他参数包括平均充电状态、平均充电速率和平均行程循环深度。除了这些评估之外,还将运输工具的电池参数与三种固定应用的电池参数进行了比较。我们发现,固定存储系统在家庭存储和平衡电源应用中产生的等效全周期数量与电动公交车相似,这表明类似的电池可以用于这些应用。此外,我们还模拟了不同充电策略对电动交通电池退化应力因子的影响,并展示了它们对电动交通电池退化应力因子的严重影响。为了促进广泛和多样化的使用,所有与本工作相关的概要和分析数据都作为开放数据提供,作为本工作的一部分。
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来源期刊
Etransportation
Etransportation Engineering-Automotive Engineering
CiteScore
19.80
自引率
12.60%
发文量
57
审稿时长
39 days
期刊介绍: eTransportation is a scholarly journal that aims to advance knowledge in the field of electric transportation. It focuses on all modes of transportation that utilize electricity as their primary source of energy, including electric vehicles, trains, ships, and aircraft. The journal covers all stages of research, development, and testing of new technologies, systems, and devices related to electrical transportation. The journal welcomes the use of simulation and analysis tools at the system, transport, or device level. Its primary emphasis is on the study of the electrical and electronic aspects of transportation systems. However, it also considers research on mechanical parts or subsystems of vehicles if there is a clear interaction with electrical or electronic equipment. Please note that this journal excludes other aspects such as sociological, political, regulatory, or environmental factors from its scope.
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