Recent Trends and Strategies for Targeting M – Cells via Oral Vaccine against Hepatitis B: A Review

Abstract

Background: The presence of a mucus layer that covers the surface of a variety of organs has been capitalized to develop mucoadhesive dosage forms that remain in the administration site for more prolonged times, increasing the local and systemic bioavailability of the administered vaccine. The emergence of micro and nanotechnologies together with the implementation of non‐invasive and painless administration routes has revolutionized the pharmaceutical market and the treatment of disease. Objectives: To overcome the main drawbacks of the various routes and to maintain patient compliance high, the engineering of innovative drug delivery systems administrable by mucosal routes has come to light and gained the interest of the scientific community due to the possibility to dramatically change the drug pharmacokinetics. Method: We review herein reported observations on nanoparticle (NP) mediated immunostimulation and immunosuppression, focusing on possible theories regarding how manipulation of particle physicochemical properties can influence their interaction with immune cells to attain desirable immunomodulation and avoid undesirable immunotoxicity. Result: These results show that both HBV particles and purified HBsAg have an immune modulatory capacity and may directly contribute to the dysfunction of mDC in patients with chronic HBV. The direct immune regulatory effect of HBV and circulating HBsAg particles on the function of DC can be considered as part of the mechanism by which HBV escapes immunity. Conclusion: NPs are recognized as self or there is an absence of immune recognition, this represents a major area of interest in the field of drug delivery. It is now well accepted due to their huge advantages and properties such as NP size, surface charge, hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity and the steric effects of particle coating can dictate NP compatibility with the immune system.