“Palazzo in Fortezza” with a garden and park foundation – as a compromisse between the Renaissance form and the Sarmatian Baroque ideology in Galicia in the XVI-XVII centuries

Abstract

In the XVI century the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was characterized by two Sarmatian traditions the “knightly” and “landowner”. Starting from the 17th century it was fitting for a Sarmatian to be not only a brave knight with self-respect, but also to be a good homeowner, which ultimately led to the erasure of differences and the unification of these two Sarmatian traditions. Under the influence of the new worldview of the Baroque era and the dominant national ideology of Sarmatism in the territory of Galicia in the XVI-XVII centuries, using as a basis the model of the Italian Renaissance “Palazzo in Fortezza”, new templates of secular residential residences, which included fortifications, housing, and garden and park foundations, were formed, recognizable for the entire aristocratic stratum of the population. New ideas and principles have found their expression in architectural structures and in the methods of laying landscape objects. The palace, surrounded by fortifications, reflected the idea of “knightly” Sarmatism, while the opposite “landowning” ideas of Sarmatism were embodied in an ornamental garden, which reflected the traditional ideas about paradise, in which one could hide from the worries and difficulties of real life. The layout of secular residential residences with landscape gardening objects depended on several factors: place, time, authorship, functional purpose, preferences and financial capabilities of the customer. The article analyzes variants of conjugation of fortifications with garden and park establishments or a menagerie.