Kaijō, Jakuchō, and Repurposing Wood for Sacred Images in Kamakura-Period Sculpture

IF 0.2 2区 艺术学 0 ART ARS Orientalis Pub Date : 2023-05-12 DOI:10.3998/ars.3989
S. Morse
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Abstract

Sculptors during the Kamakura period at times looked to unconventional sources for the material for their images and other projects. In 1183 Unkei used fragments of wood from the destroyed Great Buddha Hall at Tōdaiji for the rollers of two sets of the Lotus Sutra, and in 1206 an anonymous sculptor used a piece of charred wood, presumably from the same structure, for the right shoulder of the memorial portrait of Shunjōbō Chōgen, the monk who rebuilt the temple after it burned in 1180. Unkei’s father, Kōkei, employed wood from a sacred pillar beneath one of the halls at Ise Shrine for a now-lost image of Dainichi that was originally installed at Hosshōji in Kyoto in the late twelfth century. In 1256 the Nara sculptor Kaijō carved statues of Aizen Myōō and Jizō commissioned by the monk Jakuchō. The inscriptions indicate that they were fashioned from wood from the pillars of the Great Buddha Hall, most likely ones that remained after the conflagration. When preparing to carve the statues, Jakuchō and Kaijō consecrated the wood, and the sculptor and his two assistants maintained the Eight Pure Precepts while sculpting the image. Through the use of repurposed wood from structures with potent connections to Japan’s religious history, the installations of dedicatory objects, and their own personal devotions, Kaijō and other sculptors of the period embedded their works into multiple networks of meaning that reinforced the spiritual authority of their statues in ways that went far beyond their immediate visual impact.鎌倉時代の仏師たちは、彫像や他の作品に通常考慮外の木材使用に目を向けることがあった。1183年に運慶は、火災した東大寺大仏殿の焼け残りの木片を「法華経」二部の軸棒に使用した。また1206年には、無名の仏師が、おそらくこれも大仏殿の焼けた木片を俊乗房重源の遺像の右肩に使った。重源は、1180年に東大寺の焼尽後、再建のために奔走した僧だ。運慶の父の康慶は、今は存在しないのだが、12世紀後半に京都の法勝寺に安置されていた大日如来像に、伊勢神宮の正殿の床下の中央に立てられた心御柱を利用した。1256年には、奈良の仏師であった快成が、仏僧の寂澄からの依頼を受け、愛染明王坐像と地蔵菩薩像を制作している。銘文を読むと、これらの像が大仏殿の柱に使用されていた木材を転用されたということが分かる。おそらく、火災で焼け残ったものを利用したのだろう。彫像制作の過程においては、寂澄と快成は使用木材を清め、彫像を彫るあいだは、仏師及び二人の弟子共々、八斎戒を守り続けた。このようにして日本宗教史との強い繋がりのある建築物に使用されていた木材を転用し、納入品を入れ、個々の献身をすることにより、快成やこの時代の他の仏師たちは、視覚的迫力を超えた精神面での権威を強化し、その多面な意図を彫像に組み込んだのであった。
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Kaijō、Jakuchō
Sculptors during the Kamakura period at times looked to unconventional sources for the material for their images and other projects。在1183 Unkei used fragments of wood from the destroyed Great Buddha Hall at Tō第二节过街天桥,第二节过街天桥,第二节过街天桥,第二节过街天桥,第二节过街天桥,第二节过街天桥ōbō Chōgen,the monk who rebuilt the temple after it burned in 1180。Unkei’s father,Kōkei,employed wood from a sacred pillar beneath one of the halls at Ise Shrine for a now-lost image of Dainichi that was originally installed at Hosshōji in Kyoto in the late twelfth century。In1256 the Nara sculptor Kaijō carved statues of Aizen Myōō and Jizō commissioned by the monk Jakuchō. The inscriptions indicate that they were fashioned from wood from the pillars of the Great Buddha Hall,most likely ones that remained after the conflagration。When preparing to carve the statues,Jakuchō and Kaijō consecrated the wood,and the sculptor and his two assistants maintained the Eight Pure Precepts while sculpting the image。Through the use of repurposed wood from structures with potent connections to Japan’s religious history,the installations of dedicatory objects,and their own personal devotions,Kaijō and other sculptors of the period embedded their works into multiple networks of meaning that reinforced the spiritual authority of their statues in ways that went far beyond their immediate visual impact.镰仓时代的佛师们有时会把目光转向雕像和其他作品通常考虑之外的木材使用。1183年运庆将发生火灾的东大寺大佛殿的烧剩木片用作《法华经》二部的轴棒。另外,1206年,无名的佛师,恐怕这也是将大佛殿烧毁的木片用在俊乘房重源遗像的右肩上。重源是1180年东大寺烧毁后,为了重建而奔走的僧人。运庆的父亲康庆虽然现在不存在,但在12世纪后半期被安置在京都法胜寺的大日如来像上,利用了立在伊势神宫正殿地板下中央的心御柱。1256年,奈良的佛师快成接受了佛僧寂澄的委托,制作了爱染明王坐像和地藏菩萨像。读了铭文,可以看出这些雕像是被大佛殿柱子上使用的木材转用的。恐怕是利用了被火灾烧毁的东西吧。在雕像制作过程中,寂澄和快成清洁了使用木材,在雕刻雕像期间,佛师和两个弟子都继续遵守八斋戒。像这样转用与日本宗教史有很强联系的建筑物中使用的木材,放入交付品,进行各自的献身,成就和这个时代的其他佛师们,强化了超越视觉震撼力的精神方面的权威,将其多面的意图编入了雕像中。
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ARS Orientalis
ARS Orientalis Multiple-
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