Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender Questioning/Queer Two-Spirit Adolescents and Suicidality

Abstract

At a time when suicides are increasing throughout the United States, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and two spirit (LGBTQ2S) adolescents are at especially high risk for suicidal ideation, attempts, and completed suicide. To 1) provide an overview and clinical perspective on LGBTQ2S suicidal ideation, attempts, and completed suicide; 2) discuss how the literature maps on to theories of suicide, and also points the way to clinical recommendations; and 3) give recommendations for clinical care based on this evidence. This article uses a narrative review style to discuss the current concerns around LGBTQ2S adolescent suicide. The Social Ecological Model, the Interpersonal Psychological Theory of Suicide, and Minority Stress Theory are used describe the manner in which risks are acquired. Emerging research demonstrates risks and protective factors in the lives of LGBTQ2S adolescents. The social context of LGBTQ2S adolescents puts them at risk for internalizing the experiences of discrimination evident in our society, In addition, there are other risk factors frequently associated with their LGBTQ2S status, such as substance misuse, homelessness, and lack of social support . Adolescents of color are especially vulnerable as they experience multiple marginalizations, often living in under resourced communities with poor access to health care. Support to families can be provided in the form of psychoeducation based on research findings. Social support is crucial and can be effectively provided in schools. Access to mental health care needs to be increased and barriers reduced. There is a need for more research, especially prospective study designs and research that centers adolescents of color and homeless adolescents. While there may be barriers to addressing the current rate of suicidality in this population, clinicians who work with adolescents can use a range of therapies to support their LGBTQ2S adolescent patients and their families, decreasing risk of suicidality.