Distributional,National,Accounts: Methods,and,Estimates,for,the,United,States

IF 11.1 1区 经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS Quarterly Journal of Economics Pub Date : 2018-05-01 DOI:10.1093/QJE/QJX043
T. Piketty, Emmanuel Saez, G. Zucman
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引用次数: 816

Abstract

This paper combines tax, survey, and national accounts data to estimate the distribution of national income in the United States since 1913. Our distributional national accounts capture 100% of national income, allowing us to compute growth rates for each quantile of the income distribution consistent with macroeconomic growth. We estimate the distribution of both pre-tax and post-tax income, making it possible to provide a comprehensive view of how government redistribution affects inequality. Average pre-tax national income per adult has increased 60% since 1980, but we find that it has stagnated for the bottom 50% of the distribution at about $16,000 a year. The pre-tax income of the middle class—adults between the median and the 90th percentile—has grown 40% since 1980, faster than what tax and survey data suggest, due in particular to the rise of tax-exempt fringe benefits. Income has boomed at the top: in 1980, top 1% adults earned on average 27 times more than bottom 50% adults, while they earn 81 times more today. The upsurge of top incomes was first a labor income phenomenon but has mostly been a capital income phenomenon since 2000. The government has offset only a small fraction of the increase in inequality. The reduction of the gender gap in earnings has mitigated the increase in inequality among adults. The share of women, however, falls steeply as one moves up the labor income distribution, and is only 11% in the top 0.1% today.
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分配、国民账户:美国的方法和估计
本文结合税收、调查和国民账户数据来估计自1913年以来美国的国民收入分布。我们的分配国民账户占国民收入的100%,使我们能够计算与宏观经济增长一致的收入分配的每个分位数的增长率。我们估计了税前和税后收入的分布,从而有可能全面了解政府再分配如何影响不平等。自1980年以来,每个成年人的平均税前国民收入增长了60%,但我们发现,在分配的最后50%,这一数字停滞不前,每年约为16000美元。自1980年以来,中产阶级(介于中位数和第90百分位之间的成年人)的税前收入增长了40%,比税收和调查数据显示的要快,特别是由于免税附加福利的增加。收入在顶端激增:1980年,收入最高的1%成年人的平均收入是收入最低的50%成年人的27倍,而今天他们的收入是收入的81倍。最高收入的激增最初是一种劳动收入现象,但自2000年以来,主要是资本收入现象。政府只抵消了不平等加剧的一小部分。收入中性别差距的缩小缓解了成年人之间不平等的加剧。然而,随着劳动力收入分配的增加,女性的比例急剧下降,目前在前0.1%中仅占11%。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
24.20
自引率
2.20%
发文量
42
期刊介绍: The Quarterly Journal of Economics stands as the oldest professional journal of economics in the English language. Published under the editorial guidance of Harvard University's Department of Economics, it comprehensively covers all aspects of the field. Esteemed by professional and academic economists as well as students worldwide, QJE holds unparalleled value in the economic discourse.
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