Moroccan phosphate-based cathode materials: A sustainable solution for high energy Na-ion batteries and a cleaner future

Abstract

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are gaining increasing attention as a promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for grid-scale energy storage applications. This is due to the abundance and low cost of sodium resources. Among the key components of SIBs, cathode materials play a critical role in determining performance and overall cost. Phosphate framework materials have become an attractive option for electrode materials in SIBs due to their high structural stability, facile reaction mechanism, and rich structural diversity. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the exploration of phosphate framework materials, including fluorophosphates, pyrophosphates, and carbonphosphates. Additionally, we highlight the relationship between the materials' structure, composition, and performance. Furthermore, we examine Morocco's potential to leverage its rich phosphate resources for the development of a sustainable and economically viable energy storage industry. As one of the world's largest producers and exporters of phosphate, the research and development of sodium ion phosphate batteries in Morocco has the potential to promote the growth of the renewable energy sector and reduce dependence on fossil fuels.