A Sutra as a Notebook? Printing and Repurposing Scriptures in Medieval Japan

IF 0.2 2区 艺术学 N/A ART ARS Orientalis Pub Date : 2023-05-12 DOI:10.3998/ars.3987
L. Dolce
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Abstract

This study considers how printed scriptures were repurposed in medieval Japan through manuscript interventions. My starting point is the so-called Chū Hokekyō (Annotated Lotus Sutra), a copy of the Lotus Sutra probably printed in the Nara area and owned by the monk Nichiren (1222–1282). On this sutric text Nichiren wrote “notes,” filling the negative space between the lines of the scripture, the upper and lower margins of the printed area, and the verso. Such interventions generate a palimpsestic object, overlapping two types of text, the printed and the manuscript, and creating complex dynamics of interaction and multiple use. Is there a relation between what is inserted and the point of the scripture at which it is inserted? What information is supplemented by the “notes,” and to whom is this directed? Nichiren’s Lotus Sutra also urges us to interrogate the status and function of Buddhist printing in medieval Japan. Were sutras printed to be used as learning tools (reading matter and reference material), or does Nichiren’s specimen document a practice of repurposing scriptures originally printed for other reasons? How many scriptures were printed and how many were annotated? What was the nature of such paratextual accretions? This article explores these questions by reconstructing the life of the Annotated Lotus Sutra as an object that was produced with specific techniques and continued its life after Nichiren’s death. In order to contextualize this object, the article retrieves the printing history of the scripture owned by Nichiren, the Lotus Sutra, and the diverse practices of repurposing that affected this genre of printed scriptures in the medieval period.本論文では、中世日本において、印刷された経典が手書きの注記を通じてどのように転用されたかを考察する。最初に取り上げるのは、いわゆる『注法華経』である。これは奈良時代に印刷されたとされる『法華経』の経典で、日蓮(1222-1282)が所有していた。日蓮はこの経典の行間、天地、紙背などの余白に「注記」を施している。その結果、この経典は印刷物と写本の2種類のテキストの多層構造を持つようになり、相互作用と多重利用の複雑なダイナミズムが生まれた。注記文と、それが挿入された場所との間に関係はあるのだろうか?「注記」はどんな情報を補足しており、それは誰に宛てられたものなのだろうか?日蓮の『法華経』は、中世日本の経典印刷の持つ位置づけと用途についても、私達に問いかけている。そもそも経典は、教材(読み物、メモ帳など)として使用するために印刷されたのだろうか、それとも日蓮の『注法華経』は、当初は別の理由で印刷された経典を転用するという当時の習慣の一つの例なのだろうか?経典は何部ほど印刷され、そのうちいくつに注記が施されたのだろうか?さらに主要な文に添えられた注記というものはどんな性質を持っていたのか?こうした疑問への答えを見つけるため、本論文では「注法華経」を、特定の手法を用いて制作され、日蓮の死後も存在し続けた一個の物体とみなし、その「生涯」の再構成を試みた。当時の状況に基づいて判断を下せるように、ここでは日蓮が所有していた経典である『法華経』の印刷の歴史、そして中世においてこの種の印刷経典に影響したさまざまな転用の慣習を取り上げている。
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像笔记本一样的经书?日本中世纪经书的印刷与再利用
This study considers how printed scriptures were repurposed in medieval Japan through manuscript interventions。y starting point is the so-called Chū Hokekyō (Annotated Lotus Sutra),a copy of the Lotus Sutra probably printed in the Nara area and owned by the monk Nichiren(1222-1282)。On this sutric text Nichiren wrote“notes,”filling the negative space between the lines of the scripture,the upper and lower margins of the printed area,and the verso。Such interventions generate a palimpsestic object,overlapping two types of text,the printed and the manuscript,and creating complex dynamics of interaction and multiple use。Is there a relation between what is inserted and the point of the scripture at which it is inserted?What information is supplemented by the“notes,”and to whom is this directed?Nichiren’s Lotus Sutra also urges us to interrogate the status and function of Buddhist printing in medieval Japan。“Were sutras printed to be used as learning tools(reading matter and reference material),or does Nichiren’s specimen document a practice of repurposing scriptures originally printed for other reasons?”?How many scriptures were printed and how many were annotated?什么是such paratextual accretions?This article explores these questions by reconstructing the life of the Annotated Lotus Sutra as an object that was produced with specific techniques and continued its life after Nichiren’s death。Inorder to contextualize this object,the article retrieves the printing history of the scripture owned by Nichiren,the Lotus Sutra,and the diverse practices of repurposing that affected this genre of printed scriptures in the medieval period.本文考察了在中世纪日本,印刷的经典是如何通过手写注解转用的。首先提到的是所谓的《注法华经》。这是奈良时代印刷的《法华经》的经典,由日莲(1222-1282)所有。日莲对这部经典的字里行间、天地、纸背等空白处进行了“注释”。结果,该经典具有印刷品和抄本两种文本的多层结构,产生了相互作用和多重利用的复杂动力。注释文和那个被插入的地方之间有关系吗?“注释”补充了什么样的信息,那是写给谁的呢?日莲的《法华经》,就中世纪日本经典印刷所具有的定位和用途,也向我们提出质疑。原本经典是为了作为教材(读物、记事本等)使用而印刷的,还是日莲的《注法华经》,当初是因为别的理由转用印刷的经典,是当时习惯的一个例子呢?经典印刷了多少部,其中有多少注释呢?另外,添加在主要句子中的注释具有什么性质呢?为了找出这些疑问的答案,本论文将《注法华经》视为运用特定手法制作的、在日莲死后仍存在的一个物体,尝试重构其“一生”。为了根据当时的情况做出判断,这里列举了日莲所有的经典《法华经》的印刷历史,以及中世纪影响这种印刷经典的各种转用习俗。
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ARS Orientalis
ARS Orientalis Multiple-
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