Why everything is connected to everything else

IF 3.1 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Ecological Complexity Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI:10.1016/j.ecocom.2023.101051
Jonathan D. Phillips
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Abstract

In Earth surface systems (ESS), everything is connected to everything else, an aphorism often called the First Law of Ecology and of geography. Such linkages are not always direct and unmediated, but many ESS, represented as networks of interacting components, attain or approach full, direct connectivity among components. The question is how and why this happens at the system or network scale. The crowded landscape concept dictates that linkages and connections among ESS components are inevitable. The connection selection concept holds that the linkages among components are (often) advantageous to the network and are selected for, and thereby preserved and enhanced. These network advantages are illustrated via algebraic graph theory. For a given number of components in an ESS, as the number of links or connections increases, spectral radius, graph energy, and algebraic connectivity increase. While the advantages (if any) of increased complexity are unclear, higher spectral radii are directly correlated with higher graph energy. The greater graph energy is associated with more intense feedback in the system, and tighter coupling among components. This in turn reflects advantageous properties of more intense cycling of water, nutrients, and minerals, as well as multiple potential degrees of freedom for individual components to respond to changes. The increase of algebraic connectivity reflects a greater ability or tendency for the network to respond to changes in concert.

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为什么所有事物都与其他事物相连
在地球表面系统(ESS)中,一切事物都与其他事物相连,这句格言通常被称为生态学和地理学的第一定律。这种联系并不总是直接的和非中介的,但许多ESS,表示为交互组件的网络,实现或接近组件之间的完全、直接的连接。问题是在系统或网络规模上如何以及为什么会发生这种情况。拥挤的景观概念表明ESS组件之间的联系和连接是不可避免的。连接选择概念认为,组件之间的链接(通常)对网络有利,并被选择,从而被保留和增强。这些网络优势是通过代数图论来说明的。对于ESS中给定数量的组件,随着链路或连接数量的增加,谱半径、图能量和代数连通性也会增加。虽然增加复杂性的优势(如果有的话)尚不清楚,但更高的光谱半径与更高的图能量直接相关。图形能量越大,系统中的反馈越强烈,组件之间的耦合越紧密。这反过来反映了水、营养物质和矿物质更剧烈循环的有利特性,以及单个成分对变化做出反应的多个潜在自由度。代数连通性的增加反映了网络协同响应变化的更大能力或趋势。
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来源期刊
Ecological Complexity
Ecological Complexity 环境科学-生态学
CiteScore
7.10
自引率
0.00%
发文量
24
审稿时长
3 months
期刊介绍: Ecological Complexity is an international journal devoted to the publication of high quality, peer-reviewed articles on all aspects of biocomplexity in the environment, theoretical ecology, and special issues on topics of current interest. The scope of the journal is wide and interdisciplinary with an integrated and quantitative approach. The journal particularly encourages submission of papers that integrate natural and social processes at appropriately broad spatio-temporal scales. Ecological Complexity will publish research into the following areas: • All aspects of biocomplexity in the environment and theoretical ecology • Ecosystems and biospheres as complex adaptive systems • Self-organization of spatially extended ecosystems • Emergent properties and structures of complex ecosystems • Ecological pattern formation in space and time • The role of biophysical constraints and evolutionary attractors on species assemblages • Ecological scaling (scale invariance, scale covariance and across scale dynamics), allometry, and hierarchy theory • Ecological topology and networks • Studies towards an ecology of complex systems • Complex systems approaches for the study of dynamic human-environment interactions • Using knowledge of nonlinear phenomena to better guide policy development for adaptation strategies and mitigation to environmental change • New tools and methods for studying ecological complexity
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