Numerous studies have demonstrated the significance of climatic and edaphic conditions in regulating the species composition and forest structure. However, there is still a lack of knowledge regarding the ecological processes that are brought about by phenological expression and regeneration. This study postulates that phenology, regeneration, and species dominance are a sequence of intermediary processes through which environmental conditions affect forest structure. In a dry deciduous forest of Similipal Biosphere Reserve (SBR), India, we analysed the relationships between various environmental characteristics, phenological parameters, seedling density, sapling density, and tree density using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The study revealed an immediate association between climate and leafing (Path Coefficient: -0.67; T: 9.374; p < 0.01), flowering (Path Coefficient: -0.61; T: 2.981; p < 0.01), and fruiting (Path Coefficient: -0.67; T: 3.51; p < 0.01). The sequential association between seedling and sapling density and forest structure was also significant (p < 0.5). However, these were found to have no direct link with phenology (T < 1; p > 0.05) which has been assumed to be the outcome of anthropogenic activities in the forest having an impact on the system. Comparatively, synchrony of fruit senescence and synchrony of flowering were the principal events that supported regeneration more than others, each accounting for 79 % and 74 % of their data, respectively. On the other hand, the monthly minimum temperature (contributing 97 % of data) was a key contribution to the principal component (PC1) and was primarily responsible for triggering the phenological cycle. Most of the important phenophases were seasonal (Rayleigh's Z varied from 10.93 to 50.01; p < 0.01) except the fruit initiation (Rayleigh's Z = 0.48; p = 0.2). Most of the species (72 % of all species) had regeneration densities that were corresponding to their competitive scores. Similarly, density of adult tree species proportionated with their density in regeneration stage (sapling and seedling), supporting the research hypothesis. However, several deviant species suggested that the system was affected by a wide range of other factors. This is the first study of its kind to evaluate the critical ecological processes together, and recommends further investigation across different woodland ecosystems to deepen understanding of forest functioning.
The analysis of keystone species based on network structure has increasingly emphasized the significance of quantitative food webs. In this study, Zhangze Lake was chosen as the research subject, and assigned a weighted index to each index by creatively combined isotope techniques with topological important and uniqueness theories, then united centrality theory. Next, various scales of indices were used to examine the importance of each nutrient in the food web, the correlation between the ordering and distribution across indices, and the difference in time. This study revealed that the centrality of phytoplankton was significantly higher in April compared to July. Both of the monthly unique species in this ecosystem were planktivorous feeders, while the keystone species serving as higher consumers were identified to be Exopalaemon modestus. The ranking results of the indices other than the weighted closeness centrality and weighted betweenness centrality showed consistency. Additionally, the distributions of the weighted indices differed significantly from their corresponding unweighted indices, with the weighted centrality indices being more similar to the out-degree ordering and more strongly correlated in April. When only strong interactions between species were considered, there was a negative correlation found between species centrality and uniqueness. Through the quantitative construction of a diet proportion food web model, combined with multiple indices, we have provided a practical solution for holistically and quantitatively identifying key species, thus aiding in the accurate and effective protection of biodiversity.
Exploring how food webs are assembled from basic modules is charming and crucial for understanding how communities are self-organized. As one of the basic modules, intraguild predation (IGP) consists of a prey being consumed by both an intermediate and a top predator, with the former also being consumed by the latter (thus encompassing both predation and competition). This interaction has been shown to govern food web stability, and therefore underpin the organization of network structures. While some studies have been made in understanding the factors and mechanisms behind the prevalence of IGP modules in food webs, the specific role of food web topological structures in relation to these modules remains largely unexplored and is not well understood. Here, 103 food webs were analyzed, and we found that the number of modules in each food web was largely determined by taxon richness and connectance. After controlling richness and connectance, the specific scale-free pattern and core-periphery structure of empirical food webs explains the higher prevalence of IGP modules in empirical food webs better than by chance. Lastly, the loss of taxa which supported large number of IGP modules would lead to serious damage to food web robustness, indicating the keystone role of these taxa in maintaining food web structure and stability. Our results provide new insight into the assembly of empirical food webs from the perspective of IGP modules.