Weed biological control with fungi-based bioherbicides

Jelena Golijan-Pantović, M. Sečanski, Stefan Gordanić, Ljubica Šarčević-Todosijević
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Abstract

Biological control refers to the use of living beneficial organisms as well as the products of their metabolism in pest control. Weed plants are indispensable companions of cultivated plants, in which they cause substantial damage. Organic food production, human health care and environmental preservation impose a need for the production and application of bioherbicides, particularly in organic systems of plant production. Plant pathogens have significant potential as biological agents in weed control. The aim of the present study was to indicate the most important properties of the weed biological control system, with particular emphasis on the use of fungi-based bioherbicides. According to the organism they suppress, biopesticides are classified into bioinsecticides, biofungicides, bioherbicides, etc. Weed control using plant pathogens can be performed in three ways, by classical, conservation and augmentative biological control. Bioherbicides were initially introduced to the market in 1980, and the majority of them were fungi-based bioherbicides. The most common fungi included in bioherbicides belong to the genera Alternaria, Colletotrichum, Cercospora, Fusarium, Phomopsis, Phytophthora, Phoma, Puccinia, etc. The studies, development and final commercialisation of fungi as biological control agents face many obstacles, ranging from basic biological facts to social and economic factors. There are also challenges in the production, formulation process, environmental friendliness, duration of herbicidal action, and expensive and time-consuming registration procedures. Considering the success in weed suppression with fungi-based bioherbicides, the global market is still dominated by chemical companies manufacturing synthetic herbicides, while there are no such products on the Serbian market yet.
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真菌类生物除草剂对杂草的生物防治
生物防治是指利用活的有益生物及其代谢产物防治害虫。杂草植物是栽培植物不可缺少的伴侣,它们对栽培植物的危害很大。有机食品生产、人类保健和环境保护要求生产和应用生物除草剂,特别是在植物生产的有机系统中。植物病原菌作为防治杂草的生物制剂具有重要的潜力。本研究的目的是指出杂草生物防治系统的最重要特性,特别强调真菌基生物除草剂的使用。生物农药按其抑制的生物体可分为生物杀虫剂、生物杀菌剂、生物除草剂等。利用植物病原体进行杂草控制可以通过三种方式进行,即经典生物防治、保护性生物防治和增强型生物防治。生物除草剂于1980年首次进入市场,其中大多数是真菌基生物除草剂。生物除草剂中最常见的真菌属Alternaria、Colletotrichum、Cercospora、Fusarium、Phomopsis、Phytophthora、Phoma、Puccinia等。真菌作为生物防治剂的研究、开发和最终商业化面临许多障碍,从基本的生物学事实到社会和经济因素。在生产、配方工艺、环境友好性、除草作用持续时间以及昂贵和耗时的注册程序方面也存在挑战。考虑到真菌类生物除草剂在杂草抑制方面取得的成功,全球市场仍然由生产合成除草剂的化学公司主导,而塞尔维亚市场上还没有这类产品。
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