An Artificial Intelligence Approach to Predict the Water Saturation in Carbonate Reservoir Rocks

Abstract

Carbonate rocks have a very complex pore system due to the presence of interparticle and intra-particle porosities. This makes the acquisition and analysis of the petrophysical data, and the characterization of carbonate rocks a big challenge. In this study, functional network tool is used to develop a model to predict water saturation using petrophysical well logs as input data and the dean-stark measured water saturation as an output parameter. The data comprised of more than 200 well log points corresponding to available core data. The developed FN model was optimized by using several optimization algorithms such as differential evolution (DE), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMAES). FN model optimized with PSO found to be the most robust artificial intelligence (AI) model to predict water saturation in carbonate rocks. The results showed that the proposed model predicted the water saturation with an accuracy of 97% when related to the experimental core values. In this study in addition to the development of optimized FN model, an explicit empirical correlation is also extracted from the optimized FN model. To validate the proposed correlation, three most commonly applied water saturation models (Simandoux, Bardon and Pied model, Fertl and Hammack Model, Waxman-Smits, and Indonesian) from literature were selected and subjected to same well log data as the AI model to estimate water saturation. The estimated water saturation values for AI and other saturation models were then compared with experimental values of testing data and the results showed that AI model was able to predict water saturation with an error of less than 5% while the saturation models did the same with lesser accuracy of error up to 50%. This work clearly shows that computer-based machine learning techniques can determine water saturation with a high precision and the developed correlation works extremely well in prediction mode.