The Varangian Issue through the Prism of the Social Contract Concept

Mikhail I. Vtorushin
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Abstract

The article is devoted to an under-researched topic of the impactth at the theory of the social contract of European thinkers of the 17th–18th had on the discussion in the 18th-century Russia on the “Varangian-Russian issue”, the conditions and basis for the East Slavs’ state-building in the initial period. It gives a proper analysis of socio-political and economic factors for accepting the doctrine of G. Grotious, T. Gobbs, J. Locke, B. Spinoza, and Ch. Montesquieu by Russian nobility. The doctrine described the treaty-based relations between the State of Russia and its sovereigns. The article studies the influence of the Social Contract theory on the Tsarism’s domestic policy in the second half of the 18th century. This policy was upheld in the form of the Enlightened absolutism which served to balance the interests of the upper classes of the Russian Empire. By examining the views on the “Varangian issue” of members of the Russian Academy of Science, such as G. Bayer, G. Miller, and M. Lomonosov, the article explores the effect of the treaty-based concept of the state on the views on the genesis of the Russian statehood and the rejection of the theological doctrine of the sovereignty in the country. Historians G. Bayer and G. Miller accepted the conclusions of the European thought on the origin of state-building in some European nations as a result of an external conquest or an agreement for managing. Using the chronicle about the invitation of a Varangian Rurik, they revealed a similar process in Russia. A different viewpoint was expressed by M. Lomonosov. He considered the Slavs’ statehood and the conclusion of the management agreement to be the result of their internal development.
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社会契约概念棱镜下的瓦兰吉问题
本文探讨了17 - 18世纪欧洲思想家的社会契约理论对18世纪俄罗斯关于“瓦兰吉亚-俄罗斯问题”的讨论的影响,这是东斯拉夫人建国初期的条件和基础。本文对俄国贵族接受格劳格鲁、戈布斯、洛克、斯宾诺莎和孟德斯鸠学说的社会政治和经济因素作了适当的分析。该学说描述了俄罗斯国家与其君主之间基于条约的关系。本文研究了社会契约论对18世纪下半叶沙皇国内政策的影响。这一政策以开明专制主义的形式得到支持,以平衡俄罗斯帝国上层阶级的利益。本文通过考察拜耳、米勒、罗蒙诺索夫等俄罗斯科学院院士对“瓦兰吉安问题”的看法,探讨了以条约为基础的国家概念对俄罗斯国家起源的看法和对国家主权神学学说的拒绝的影响。历史学家拜耳(G. Bayer)和米勒(G. Miller)接受了欧洲思想的结论,认为一些欧洲国家的国家建设起源于外部征服或管理协议。他们利用瓦良格留里克被邀请的编年史,揭示了俄罗斯的一个类似过程。罗蒙诺索夫先生表达了不同的观点。他认为斯拉夫人的国家地位和管理协议的签订是他们内部发展的结果。
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20
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